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Cell Structure and Function > Final Exam > Flashcards

Final Exam Flashcards

1
Q

Structurally, starch exists as both unbranched polysaccharides called ______ and branches chains called _____

A

amylose, amylopectin

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2
Q

______ is how bacterial and archaeal cells replicate their DNA and divide

A

binary fission

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3
Q

ribosomal subunits are referred to by number and letter combinations (e.g. 70S), the “S” refers to _______

A

Svedberg unit

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4
Q

Collagen fibers are to the extracellular matrix as ______ is to the cell wall

A

cellulose

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5
Q

_______ are infectious RNAs that are responsible for diseases in several crop plants

A

viroids

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6
Q

the ______ velocity of an enzymatic reaction is the velocity at a very high substrate concentration

A

maximum

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7
Q

if a protein is exported from the ER and the packages in the Golgi, but not secreted through a secretory vesicle, then it is typically sent to the _________

A

lysosone/endosome

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8
Q

You are working on a project that involves the direct observation of DNA molecules. The microscope that would give you the best information at this time would be…
(a) light microscope
(b) phase-contrast microscope
(c) transmission electron microscope
(d) digital video microscope
(e) fluorescent microscope

A

C

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9
Q

1 mm = _____ nm

A

1,000,000

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10
Q

A regular pattern of hydrogen bonding is most important in stabilizing the ______ structure of many proteins

A

secondary

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11
Q

Two proteins associated with a rare neurodegenerative disorder have been sequenced. Protein A contains many polar amino acids with small regions containing nonpolar, hydrophobic amino acids. Protein B is rich in nonpolar, hydrophobic amino acids with only two small regions containing polar amino acids. What night this suggest about them?
(a) the two proteins may have different secondary structures
(b) protein A may be a cytoplasmic protein and protein B may be a membrane protein
(c) protein A and B are complementary parts of a supramolecular structure
(d) protein A is fibrous and B is globular
(e) protein A is most likely an enzyme and B is a storage protein

A

B

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12
Q

Cellulose belongs to which of the following groups of macromolecules?
A) Lipids
B) Carbohydrates
C) Proteins
D) Nucleic acids
E) None of the above.

A

B

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13
Q

Which of the following has the greatest number of glycosidic bonds?
A) Glucose
B) Triacylglycerol
C) Amylose
D) RNA
E) Vitamin A

A

C

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14
Q

The components of a nucleotide are
A) a carboxyl group, an amine group, and a variable R groupB) a five-carbon sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogen-containing aromatic base.
C) a three-carbon alcohol with a hydroxyl group on each carbon and three fatty acids.
D) two six-carbon sugars attached with an α(1→4) glycosidic bond.
E) a six-carbon sugar, an ester linkage, and a four-ringed hydrocarbon.

A

B

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15
Q

Cholesterol is a ________, which ________.
A) terpene; is the basis for many animal and plant vitamins
B) fatty acid; functions in energy storage
C) steroid; is a component of eukaryotic membranes
D) steroid; is the basis for many animal and plant hormones
E) steroid; is a component of eukaryotic membranes and is the basis for many animal and plant
hormones

A

E

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16
Q

The methanobacteria, halobacteria, and sulfobacteria are included in which domain?
A) Bacteria
B) Protista
C) Blue-green algae
D) Archaea
E) Eukarya

A

D

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17
Q

Which of the following organelles is not generally found in animal cells?
A) Food vacuole
B) Centriole
C) Endoplasmic reticulum
D) Central vacuole
E) Mitochondrion

A

D

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18
Q

Which of the following would be attributed to a peroxisomal dysfunction (not lysosome)?
A) Accumulation of N-acetylglucosamine phosphotransferase
B) Accumulation of ganglioside GM2
C) Accumulation of very long chain fatty acids
D) Accumulation of glucocerebroside
E) Accumulation of complex sugars

A

C

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19
Q

Prions are
A) the site of protein synthesis in prokaryotic cells.
B) simple viruses composed of protein.
C) primitive protein particles that are believed to be an ancient precursor of living cells.
D) infectious circular RNA molecules that replicate in host cells.
E) infectious misfolded proteins that cause normal protein molecules to misfold.

A

E

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20
Q

The smooth endoplasmic reticulum functions in synthesis of
A) lipids.
B) polysaccharides.
C) proteins.
D) DNA.
E) lipids, polysaccharides, proteins, and DNA.

A

A

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21
Q

Lignin is an important component in
A) tight junctions.
B) plant cell walls.
C) fungal cell walls.
D) plasmodesmata.
E) bacterial cell walls.

A

B

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22
Q

The extracellular matrix outside the plasma membrane of animal cells is typically composed
of
A) collagen and proteoglycans.
B) lipids.
C) cellulose.
D) peptidoglycan.
E) collagen, proteoglycans, lipids, and peptidoglycan.

A

A

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23
Q

Mitochondria are thought to have evolved from ancient bacteria. Which characteristics of a
free-living bacteria have mitochondria lost over time?
A) An independent genome
B) Ribosomes
C) Phospholipid membranes
D) Motility
E) Ribosomes, phospholipid membranes, and an independent genome

A

D

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24
Q

An enzyme is active in the stomach of an animal but quickly loses its activity when it leaves
the stomach. This example illustrates that enzymes are
A) specific to the organs in which they are produced.
B) inactivated by movement.
C) sensitive to changes in pH.
D) digested in the small intestine.
E) consumed by the quantities of substrate in the small intestine.

A

C

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25
Q

An enzyme reduces the free energy of which of the following?
A) Substrate
B) Product
C) Transition state
D) Cofactor
E) Intermediate product

A

C

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26
Q

Which of the following variables is not part of the Michaelis—Menten equation?
A) kcat
B) Km
C) Vmax
D) [S]
E) v0

A

A

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27
Q

extended regions of large positive values in ______ plots show regions where alpha-helices cross membranes

A

hydropathy

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28
Q

longer fatty acid chain lengths and increases in saturation are associated with ______ melting temperature in membranes

A

higher

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29
Q

the proton gradient created by the electron transport chain has the highest concentration of protons in the __________

A

intermembrane space

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30
Q

the ATP synthesized by ATPase is released into the ________

A

mitocondrial matrix

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31
Q

three of the four major classes of ATP dependent transport proteins are _______

A

V-type, P-type, F-type, ABC-type

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32
Q

the movement of a pair of electrons from NADH through complex I (only) will lead to ______ protons being pumped from the matrix into the intermembrane space, while the movement of an electron pair from FADH2 will transport ______ protons

A

4, 0

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33
Q

What factor(s) regulate membrane fluidity?
A) Type of membrane protein
B) Fatty acid structure
C) Orientation of cholesterol
D) All of the above

A

B

34
Q

Of the following molecules, which would you predict diffuses most readily across
membranes?
A) Water
B) Glucose
C) Oxygen
D) Serine
E) Hydrogen ions

A

C

35
Q

Each of the following is a type of cell—cell junctions except
A) adhesive.
B) tight.
C) gap.
D) plasmodesmata.
E) All are cell—cell junctions.

A

E

36
Q

Which of the following would you expect to find predominating in the plasma membrane of a
unicellular eukaryotic organism thriving in glacier ice?
A) 20 carbon long saturated fatty acids.
B) 18 carbon long saturated fatty acids.
C) 20 carbon long fatty acids with 1 double bond.
D) 18 carbon long fatty acids with 1 double bond.
E) 16 carbon long fatty acids with 3 double bonds

A

E

37
Q

Using a laser beam to inactivate fluorescence dye molecules connected to proteins or lipids
on a cell membrane is called
A) liposome formation.
B) electrophoresis.
C) photobleaching.
D) freeze-fracturing.
E) affinity labeling.

A

C

38
Q

Which of the following types of protein would be most easily removed from a membrane by
changing pH or ionic strength?
A) GPI-anchored protein
B) Fatty acid-anchored protein
C) Integral protein
D) Peripheral protein
E) Glycosylated integral protein

A

D

39
Q

Individuals with the O blood group are known as universal donors because the Gal and
GlcNAc groups that are recognized by the antibodies in A, B, and AB in other individuals are
missing. Which of the following types of erythrocyte plasma membrane components lacks these
GlcNAc groups?
A) A glycoprotein
B) A glycolipid
C) Glycophorin
D) A GPI-anchored protein
E) A glycocalyx protein

A

B

40
Q

Each of the following is an example of facilitated diffusion except
A) glucose transport by GLUT1.
B) chloride-bicarbonate exchange.
C) aquaporin transport.
D) ion channel transport.
E) oxygen transport.

A

E

41
Q

The energy necessary to drive the bacteriorhodopsin proton pump that creates the proton
gradient needed for ATP synthesis is generated by
A) a Na+ electrochemical gradient across the membrane.
B) a H+ concentration gradient across the membrane.
C) a membrane potential of 100 mV across the membrane.
D) ATP hydrolysis by ATP synthase.
E) retinal absorption of light energy.

A

E

42
Q

The Na+/K+ ATPase pump actively moves
A) 2 Na+ in. 3 K+ out.
B) 2 Na+ out. 3 K+ in.
C) 3 Na+ in 2 K+ out.
D) 3 Na+ out. 2 K+ in.
E) 1 Na+ out. 1 K+ in.

A

D

43
Q

Which of the following is an example of indirect active transport?
A) Na+/K+ ATPase
B) Aquaporin water transport
C) CFTR Cl− transport
D) Na+/glucose symport
E) Glucose permease transport

A

D

44
Q

ABC-type ATPases that inhibit the effectiveness of antitumor drugs by transporting the
drugs out of tumor cells are known as
A) multidrug resistance (MDR) transporters.
B) Na+-drug antiporters.
C) the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR).
D) porins.
E) None of the above; no such transporter has been identified in eukaryotes.

A

A

45
Q

Active transport makes it possible for cells to
A) take up nutrients from the environment against concentrations gradients.
B) transport out secretory products and waste material against concentration gradients.
C) maintain nonequilibrium intracellular concentrations of ions such as Na+, K+, Ca2+, and H+.
D) establish an electrical potential across the membrane.
E) All of the above are correct.

A

E

46
Q

In carrier transport protein kinetics. Km is the
A) maximal rate of solute transport.
B) solute concentration at which the transport rate is half maximal.
C) initial rate of transport at any concentration.
D) constant rate of transport regardless of concentration gradient.
E) standard free energy change used to calculate the maximal rate of transport.

A

B

47
Q

NAD+
A) is derived from vitamin E.
B) is an electron source for biological oxidation reactions.
C) is a coenzyme acceptor of electrons and a hydrogen ion.
D) releases a phosphate to become NADH.
E) is the reduced form of the B vitamin niacin.

A

C

48
Q

Oxygen is toxic to
A) obligate anaerobes.
B) obligate aerobes.
C) cancer cells.
D) facultative organisms.
E) All of the above.

A

A

49
Q

The gross output of ATP from glycolysis is ________, whereas the net output of ATP is
________.
A) 2; 1
B) 4; 2
C) 4; 1
D) 6; 4
E) 2; 4

A

B

50
Q

Consider glycolysis in three phases:
(1) preparation and cleavage (Rxn-1 to Rxn-5)
(2) oxidation (Rxn-6 to Rxn-7)
(3) pyruvate formation (Rxn-8 to Rxn-10)
Which of these phases produces ATP?
A) 1
B) 2
C) 3
D) 1 and 2
E) 2 and 3

A

E

51
Q

Fermentation directly
A) generates ATP.
B) regenerates NAD+ from NADH.
C) regenerates NADH from NAD+.
D) produces acetyl CoA.
E) initiates gluconeogenesis.

A

B

52
Q

Each of the following is a product of the citric acid cycle except
A) CO2.
B) ATP.
C) NADH.
D) acetyl CoA.
E) FADH2.

A

D

53
Q

In electron transport, each of the following respiratory complexes is involved in the flow of
electrons from NADH to O2 except
A) complex I.
B) complex II.
C) complex III.
D) complex IV.
E) All are involved in the flow of electrons from NADH.

A

B

54
Q

The F1Fo ATP synthase
A) oxidizes NADH to NAD+
B) transports H+ through the F1 subunit.
C) synthesizes ATP through the active site on the b subunit.
D) cycles between three states, O, L, and T.
E) resides on the mitochondrial outer membrane.

A

D

55
Q

The _______ tag targets proteins to the lysosome

A

mannose-6-phosphate

56
Q

synthesis of the core saccharide starts with attachment of sugars to _______ phosphate in the ER membrane followed by switching the saccharides to the luminal side catalyzed by ______

A

dolichol, flippase

57
Q

_______ mediates transport of proteins from the Golgi to the ER

A

retrograde transport, COPI coat

58
Q

________ binds vesicles to target membranes

A

SNARES

59
Q

________ is a drug that blocks cell division by stabilizing microtubules, as a result is used as a treatment for ________

A

taxol, cancer

60
Q

actin branches are promoted by ________ which is also important in actin rockets

A

Arp2/3

61
Q

basal bodies are modified ________ that template the formation of ________

A

centrioles, axonemes

62
Q

striated muscle myofibrils are end-to-end associations of the fundamental contractile units of the muscle cell known as ________

A

sarcomeres

63
Q

In which of the following organelles would you expect to first find a protein destined to be
secreted from a cell?
A) Endosome
B) Golgi apparatus
C) Lysosome
D) Secretory vesicle
E) Endoplasmic reticulum

A

E

64
Q

Comparing cells synthesizing secretory proteins and cells secreting steroid hormones, the
cells synthesizing the steroid hormones are likely to be enriched in
A) rough ER.
B) smooth ER.
C) equal amounts of smooth and rough ER.
D) lysosomes.
E) none of these.

A

B

65
Q

When a membrane protein is radioactively labeled during synthesis and followed through
the various organelles in the secretory pathway, all the radioactivity is concentrated in the cis-
Golgi apparatus six hours after the protein synthesis. This suggests that the protein
A) was imported directly into the cis-Golgi posttranslationally.
B) contains a KDEL sequence near its C-terminus.
C) has a membrane-spanning domain length equals the thickness of the cis-Golgi membrane.
D) has a mannose-6-phosphate tag.
E) is misfolded and being degraded in the cis-Golgi.

A

C

66
Q

Each of the following is part of the core oligosaccharide side chain in the ER except
A) N-acetyl glucosamine.
B) erythrose.
C) mannose.
D) glucose.
E) All are part of the core oligosaccharide.

A

B

67
Q

n addition to endocytosis, on which of the following intracellular locations does clathrin
organize a coat and form vesicles?
A) Lysosomes
B) Trans-Golgi network
C) Endoplasmic network
D) Inner membrane of mitochondria
E) Regulated secretory vesicles

A

B

68
Q

Using genetic engineering techniques, which of the following would you do to a protein that
normally is constitutively secreted to make it accumulate in the ER?
A) Fuse it to GFP.
B) Add an amino acid that would get a mannose-6-phosphate group added to its carbohydrate.
C) Add a KDEL sequence near its C-terminus.
D) Mutate one of the asparagines that is normally glycosylated to an alanine, which is not
glycosylated.
E) None of these would cause the protein to accumulate in the ER.

A

C

69
Q

The low pH of lysosomes is established by
A) acid hydrolases.
B) ATP-dependent proton pumps.
C) β-glucuronidases.
D) catalases.
E) superoxide dismutases.

A

B

70
Q

How do proteins become embedded in the membrane of the endoplasmic reticulum?
A) By protein chaperones that insert cytosolic proteins into the ER membrane
B) By splicing of proteins on either side of the ER membrane
C) Via stop- and start-transfer sequences that stop and start translocation of a polypeptide
through the ER membrane, resulting in transmembrane proteins
D) By direct insertion into the ER membrane
E) Via transit sequences that target porins for membrane insertion

A

C

71
Q

Tubulin may assemble onto one end while disassembling from the other end of the same
microtubule simultaneously in a process known as
A) dynamic instability.
B) treadmilling.
C) nucleation.
D) oligomerization.
E) catastrophe-rescue.

A

B

72
Q

CapZ
A) causes microfilaments to lengthen by assembly at their plus ends.
B) depolymerizes microfilaments at their plus ends.
C) prevents assembly and disassembly at microfilament plus ends.
D) forms microfilament branches.
E) connects microfilaments to microtubules.

A

C

73
Q

Intermediate filaments
A) lack the intrinsic polarity of microtubules and microfilaments, because IF tetrameric subunits
are symmetric.
B) are grouped into six classes.
C) are the most stable and least soluble cytoskeleton filaments.
D) are not found in plant cell cytoplasm.
E) All of the above are true.

A

E

74
Q

A microtubule-organizing center (MTOC)
A) contains centrioles in plant cells.
B) serves as a site for both microtubule and intermediate filament assembly.
C) anchors either end of cytoplasmic microtubules.
D) anchors only the minus ends of cytoplasmic microtubules.
E) usually is positioned near the cell membrane.

A

D

75
Q

The axonemal “9 + 2” pattern of microtubules is nine ________ surrounding a(n) ________.
A) outer doublets; central pair
B) basal bodies; inner two
C) central tubules; double pair
D) B tubule structures; middle two
E) triplet microtubules; basal bodies

A

A

76
Q

Which of the following lists of structures is in the correct order from inside to outside of the
cell in a cilium?
A) Axoneme, transition zone, basal body
B) Transition zone, basal body, axoneme
C) Axoneme, basal body, transition zone
D) Basal body, transition zone, axoneme
E) Basal body, axoneme, transition zone

A

D

77
Q

Which of the following major protein components of skeletal muscle is incorrectly matched
with its function?
A) Titin–links thick filaments to Z line
B) Nebulin–links thin filaments to Z line
C) Myomesin–links myosin filaments at M line
D) Troponin–binds along the length of the thin filaments and blocks myosin binding sites
E) Actin–major component of thin filaments

A

D

78
Q

Which of the following sequences is in the correct order for the cyclic process by which a
myosin head generates force on an actin filament for muscle contraction?
A) Power stroke, cross-bridge formation, cross-bridge dissociation, cocking of myosin head
B) Cross-bridge formation, power stroke, cross-bridge dissociation, cocking of myosin head
C) Cross-bridge formation, cocking of myosin head, power stroke, cross-bridge dissociation
D) Cross-bridge formation, cross-bridge dissociation, cocking of myosin head, power stroke
E) Cross-bridge formation, power stroke, cross-bridge dissociation, power stroke, cocking of
myosin head

A

B

79
Q

Axonemal dyneins are
A) associated with organelle movement.
B) associated with cilia and flagella.
C) monomeric myosin-like proteins.
D) responsible for axonal anterograde transport.
E) All of the above are correct.

A

B

80
Q

In the axoneme, nexin
A) transports tubulin to the axoneme tip for assembly.
B) generates force for outer doublets sliding past each other.
C) projects inward from each doublet toward the central pair microtubules.
D) links adjacent outer doublets to limit sliding.
E) connects each outer doublet to the plasma membrane.

A

D

Cell Structure and Function (6 decks)

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