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Cardio (A&P) > Final exam > Flashcards

Final exam Flashcards

1
Q

Describe the major components and the primary functions of the upper airways.

A
  • Nose
  • oral cavity
  • pharynx
  • larynx
    1. act as a conductor of air
    2. humidify and warm or cool inspired air
    3. prevent foreign materials form entering the TB tree
    4. serve as an important area involved in speech or smell
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2
Q

Identify the structures and the 3 primary functions of the nose.

A

Functions…
* filter
* humidify
* comdition (warm or cool) inspired air
Structures…
Outer portion: bone & cartilage
Upper 3rd: nasal bones & frontal process of the maxilla
Lower 2/3: lateral nasal cartilage, greater alar cartilage, lesser alar cartilages, septal cartilage & fibrous fatty tissue

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3
Q

Identify the structures and function of the pharynx.

A

Structures…
* nasopharynx
* oropharynx
* laryngopharynx

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4
Q

Describe the structure and the function of the larynx (voice box).

A

Structure… vestibule opening into the trachea from the pharynx.
Functions…
1. acts as passageway of air betwwen the pharynx and the trachea
2. serves as a protective mechanism against the aspiration of solids and liquids
3. genrates sounds for speech

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5
Q

Discuss the structure and the function of the TB tree.

A

Conducting zone…
Cartilagenous airways
Trachea (0), main stem bronchi (1), Lobar bronchi (2), Segmental bronchi (3), subsegmental bronchi (4-9)
*Noncartilagenous airways *
bronchioles (10-15), terminal bronchioles (16-19)
Respiratory zone…
*Sites of gas exchange *
Respiratory bronchioles (20-23), alveolar ducts (24-27),
alveolar sacs (28)

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6
Q

Describe the structure and function of the bronchial blood supply.

A

Nourishes the TB tree and merges with the pulmonary arteries and capillaries.

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7
Q

Which of the following lines the interior 1/3 of the nasal cavities?

A

Stratified squamous epithelium

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8
Q

Which of the following forms the nasal septum?

A

Ethmoid bone & nasal bones

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9
Q

The pharyngotympanic (auditory) tubes are found in the..

A

Nasopharynx

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10
Q

The inferior portion of the larynx is composed of the…

A

Cricoid cartilage

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11
Q

Which of the following has the greatest combined cross-sectional area?

A

Terminal bronchioles

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12
Q

The left mainstem bronchus angles off from the carina at about…

A

40-60 degrees

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13
Q

Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium lines which of the following?

A

Trachea & nasopharynx

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14
Q

The horizontal fissure separates the…

A

Middle and upper lobe of the right lung

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15
Q

Which of the following supplies the motor innervation of each hemidiaphragm?

A

Phrenic nerve and lower thoracic nerves

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16
Q

The lung segment called the superior lingula is found in the…

A

Left lung, lower division of the upper lobe

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17
Q

Cartilage is found in which of the following structures of the TB tree?

A

Segmental bronchi

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18
Q

The bronchial arteries nourish the tracheobronchial tree down to, and including, which of the following?

A

Terminal bronchioles

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19
Q

Which of the following elevates the soft palate?

A

Levator veli palatine muscle

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20
Q

Which of the following are called the resistance vessels?

A

Arterioles

21
Q

In a normal individual in the upright position…

A

•The negative pleural pressure is greater (i.e., more negative) in the upper lung regions.
•ventilation is more effective in the lower lung regions.
•the pleural pressure is always below atmo- spheric pressure during a normal ventilatory cycle.

22
Q

When lung compliance decreases, the patient commonly has

A

•an increased ventilatory rate.
•a decreased tidal volume.

23
Q

During a normal exhalation, the…

A

•intra-alveolar pressure is in equilibrium with the atmospheric pressure.
•pleural pressure progressively decreases.

24
Q

At rest, the normal pleural pressure change during quiet breathing is about…

A

2–4 mm Hg

25
Q

Normally, an individual’s tidal volume is about…

A

3 to 4 mL/lb

26
Q

achypnea.
Assuming that pressure remains constant, if the radius of a bronchial airway through which gas flows at a rate of 400 L/min is reduced to one-half of its original size, the flow through the bronchial airway would change to…

A

25 L/min

27
Q

The difference between the alveolar pressure and the pleural pressure is called the…

A

transpulmonary pressure

28
Q

According to Laplace’s law, if a bubble with a radius of 4 cm and a distending pressure of 10 cm H2O is reduced to a radius of 2 cm, the new distending pressure of the bubble will be…

A

20 cm H2O

29
Q

As Raw increases, the patient commonly manifests…

A

•a decreased ventilatory rate
•an increased tidal volume

30
Q

If the radius of a bronchial airway, which has a driving pressure of 2 mm Hg, is reduced by 16 percent of its original size, what will be the new driving pressure required to maintain the same gas flow through the bronchial airway?

A

4 mm Hg

31
Q

In the healthy lung, when the alveolus decreases in size during a normal exhalation, the…

A

•surface tension decreases
•surfactant to alveolar surface area increases

32
Q

What is tidal volume (Vt)?

A

The amount of air inhaled and exhaled with each breath during quiet breathing

33
Q

What is the average male and female value for Vt?

A

M: 500mL
F: 400-500mL

34
Q

What is inspiratory reserve volume (iRV)?

A

The amount of air that can be forcibly inhaled beyond the Vt

35
Q

What is the average male and female value for IRV?

A

M: 3100 mL
F: 1900mL

36
Q

What is expiratory reserve volume (eRV)?

A

The amount of air that can be forcibly exhaled after a normal VT

37
Q

What is the average male and female value for ERV?

A

M: 1200 mL
F: 800mL

38
Q

What is RV?

A

The amount of air still in the lungs after a forced ERV

39
Q

What is the average male and female value for RV?

A

M:1200mL
F: 1000 mL

40
Q

What is VC?

A

The maximum volume of air that can be exhaled after a maximal inspiration (VC= IRV+ VT+ ERV)

41
Q

What is the average male and female value for VC?

A

M:4800mL
F: 3200mL

42
Q

What is IC?

A

The volume of air that can be inhaled after a normal exhalation (IC=VT + IRV).

43
Q

What is the average male and female value for IC?

A

M: 3600 mL
F: 2400 mL

44
Q

What is FRC?

A

The volume of air remaining in
the lungs after a normal exhalation (FRC=ERV+RV).

45
Q

What is the average male and female value for FRC?

A

M: 2400 mL
F: 1800 mL

46
Q

What is TLC?

A

The maximum amount of air that the lungs can accommodate (TLC=VT+IRV+ERV+ RV).

47
Q

What is the average male and female value for TLC?

A

M: 6000 mL
F: 4200 mL

48
Q

What are some obstructive lung disorders?

A

C- cystic fibrosis
B- bronchitis
A- asthma
B-broncheactasis
E-emphysema

49
Q

What are some restrictive lung disorders?

A

Pneumonia, pulmonary edema,
Flail chest, pneumothorax, atelectasis, ARDS, lung cancer, chronic interstitial lung disease.

Cardio (A&P) (5 decks)

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