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PSYC 101 > Final Exam > Flashcards

Final Exam Flashcards

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1
Q

explicit attitudes

A

attitudes that one hoes consciously and can readily describe
ex. thoughts about political issues, easy to understand because people can talk about them easily

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2
Q

implicit attitudes

A

-also known as covert attitudes
-expressed in the subtle automatic responses that people don’t have much conscious control over
-is what tells us that people hold negative ideas towards certain groups of people

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3
Q

Implicit association test (IAT)

A

-computer based test to test implicit attitudes and people have to make associations quickly
-80% show negative implicit attitudes about elderly
-75% of white respondents exhibit implicit prejudice against blacks
-implicit bias against gays, disabled, and obsese are common

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4
Q

evaluative conditioning

A

transfer emotion attached to an unconditioned stimulus onto a conditioned stimulus
ex. A well liked TV personality (unconditioned) try to sell a product (conditioned stimulus) with hope that your feelings about the TV personality will transfer to the person

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5
Q

operant conditioning

A

-happens when expressing a certain attitude
-when someone agrees (reinforce) we talk more
-disagreement serves as a punishment
-OVERALL: rewards increase a behavior and punishments decrease a behavior

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6
Q

observational learning

A

-another person’s attitudes or behaviors may propel us to change out attitudes
-you can be changed or swayed from teachers or friends based off observation

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7
Q

Dissonance Theory

A

-inconsistency in attitude or behavior may propel us to change our attitude
-want to get rid of dissonance and dysfunction

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8
Q

cognitive dissonance

A

-when related attitudes or beliefs contradict one another

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9
Q

Effort justification

A

-under cognitive dissonant
-when one tries to attribute values into a outcome that you worked hard to achieve
-justify effort that necessarily haven’t panned out
-may. come to love what you struggle to achieve

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10
Q

What are the 2 routes to persuasion?

A

central route and peipheral route

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11
Q

central route

A

-a person carefully consider the options, argument and logic
-carefully process information you are given

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12
Q

peripheral route

A

-minimal processing of information
-persuaded on non-message factors
-attractivness and credibility matters

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13
Q

What is true for central processing as opposed to peripheral processing?

A

-leads to more enduing attitude change
-are more resistant to change
-predict behaviors better

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14
Q

Obedience

A

-listening to someone in a position of power
-how does punishment affect ability to learn
-Milgrams study

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15
Q

What research did work on conformity?

A

Soloman Ash: he wanted to see how people conform to real or imagined social pressure and used a vision test

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16
Q

What were the key finding in Soloman Ash’s study?

A

-group size and group unanimity are key determinants of conformity
-more conforming in collectivistic societies

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17
Q

normative influence

A

conforming to social pressures because we’re afriad of negative social consequences
-being liked is big factor

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18
Q

informational influence

A

-people look to others for direction and guidance about how to behave in an ambiguous situation
-people conform because they want to be right

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19
Q

bystander effect

A

-people less likely to provide help if they are in a group as opposed to being alone
-probability of getting help declines as a group size increases
-diffusion of responsibility occurs in a group situation

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20
Q

stress

A

-any circumstance that threatens or are perceived to threaten ones well-being and tax one’s coping ability
-disasters contribute greatly to stress but everyday thinks like bill, shopping, car trouble contribute to stress

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21
Q

biopsychosocial model

A

holds that physical illness is caused by complex interaction of biological, psychological, and sociocultural factors

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22
Q

What is true about stess?

A

it is very subjective based on the individual

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23
Q

Primary appraisal of stress

A

-tells us if the event is irrelevant
-tells us if the situation os relevant to us but not stressful
-finally tells us if it is stressful
**if it is stressful then we move to the secondary apprasial

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24
Q

Secondary apprasial of stress

A

-start to evaluate coping resources
-if coping resources are adequate, then we are not stressed
-if coping resources are not adequate, they we go on to be stressed

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25
Q

What are the 4 types of stress?

A

-frustration
-conflict
-life changes
-pressure

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26
Q

frustration

A

experience it when you want something but you can’t have it

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27
Q

conflict

A

two or more incompatible motives or motivation and they are competing for expression

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28
Q

life changes

A

things that consider substantial changes in the way we live that require readjustment

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29
Q

pressure

A

expectations or demands that one behave in a certain way
-can be imposed by others or self imposed

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30
Q

types of conflict?

A

-approach-approach
-avoidance-avoidance
-approach-avoidacne

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31
Q

approach-approach conflict

A

-least stressful
-have to make a choice between 2 attractive goals

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32
Q

avoidance-avoidance

A

-the most stressful
-make a choice between 2 unattractive goals, both are bad choices

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33
Q

approach-avoidance

A

-1 single goal that has an attractive and unattractive component
-taking risks

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34
Q

What are the three ways to respond to stress?

A
  1. emotional response
  2. physiological response
  3. behavioral response
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35
Q

Emotional response to stress

A

-can have negative or positive emotions to stress
-might be annoyed, anxious or angry

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36
Q

physiological response

A

-bodily and physical changes in response to some stresser
-hormonal fluctuations

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37
Q

Behavioral response to stress

A

specific behaviors that we use to cope during stressful events

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38
Q

Broaden-and-build theory of positive emotion

A

-explains how positive emotions promote resilience
-positive emotions alter people’s mindsets
-broaden scope of attention
-positive emotions can promote rewarding social interactions and under effects of negative emotions
**can even enhance our immune system and protect against heart diseae

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39
Q

Optimal level of stress

A

there is an amount of stress (not too much and not too little) that is beneficial in task performance

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40
Q

inverted U hypothesis

A

too much arousal is not good but too little is not good also

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41
Q

Who was the general adaptation syndrome made by?

A

Hans Selye and wanted to talk about how you react to stress

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42
Q

What are the 3 levels of stress by Hans Selye?

A
  1. Alarm Stage
  2. Resistance Stage
  3. Exhaustion Stage
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43
Q

What is the alarm stage?

A

first recognize the onset of stress, body starts reacting physically
physiology is aroused

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44
Q

Resistance stage

A

arousal is higher than normal but it will be stabilizing as you become more accustomed to the threat

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45
Q

exhaustion stage

A

damaging to organs and leads to other health issues

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46
Q

coping

A

efforts to master, reduce, or tolerate the demands created by stress
-giving up and blaming oneself
-learned helplessness

47
Q

aggression

A

any behavior that is intended to hurt someone either physically or verbally

48
Q

catharsis

A

release of emotional tension

49
Q

defense mechanisms

A

largely unconscious reactions that protect a person from unpleasant emotions such as anxiety and guilt

50
Q

constructive coping

A

-healthy way to deal with stressful events
-confronting problems directly
-realistic appraisals of thinking about stressor
-rethink about stressful events in ways that are less stressful
-take care of yourself so your body is not vulnerable to the negative effects of stress

51
Q

Type A personality

A

-strong, competitive orientation
-impatience and time urgency
-anger and hostility
-link between type A and risk of heart disease

52
Q

Type B personality

A

relaxed, patient, easy going, amicable behavior

53
Q

What does link between coronary risk and Type A personality come from?

A

the anger and hostility

54
Q

how does social support influence stress?

A

-people live longer

55
Q

What is true about cultural disparities in social support?

A

different cultures prefer different types of social support
-americans prefer explicit social support
-asian prefer implicit social support

56
Q

optimism

A

tendency to expect a good outcome

57
Q

conscientiousness

A

big five is aassociated with good physical heath and increased longevity

58
Q

stress mindset

A

enhancing mindset should be associated with intermediate arousal in response to stress and more effective coping strategies

59
Q

social psychology

A

concerned with the way individuals thoughts and feelings and behaviors are influenced by others

60
Q

attractiveness stereotype

A

phenomenon whereby people tend to ascribe desirable personality characteristics to those who are good looking (pretty privilege)

61
Q

stereotypes

A

widely held beliefs that people have certain characterists because of their membership in a particular group

62
Q

illusory correlation

A

individuals selectively recall facts that fit with their stereotypes

63
Q

major depressive disorder

A

-persistent feelings of sadness and despair and lost of interest in previous sources of pleasure
-anhedonia is a central feature of major depression

64
Q

stereotypes

A

-widely held beliefs that people have certain characteristics because of their membership in a particular group

65
Q

bipolar disorder

A

-experience of both depressed and manic periods (personality that is highly elevated; feel of conquering the world, hyperactive, talk quickly, lack of focus)
-not as common as major depressive disorder

66
Q

True or False
Bipolar disorder is seen equally in men and women

A

True

67
Q

What is the typical age onset for bipolar disorder?

A

late teens and early 20s

68
Q

What is genetic vulnerability and how does it relate to depressive and bipolar disorders?

A

heredity can create etiologies of depressive and bipolar disorders
-Heredity can create the disposition but the environment can activate

69
Q

what is a neurochemical factors?

A

correlations between mood disorders and two specific neurotransmitters in the brain (norepinephrine and serotonin)

70
Q

what are cognitive factors?

A

cognitive models of depression that are maintained because of negative thinking

71
Q

What is true of a majority of people who suffer from suicide?

A

most of them have some type of psycholgical disorder

72
Q

How more likely are women likely to attempt suicide ?

A

3x more often than men but men are more likely to kill themselves with the attempt

73
Q

What are schizophrenia characteristics?

A

marked by delusions, hallucinations, disorganized thinking and speech. and deterioration and adaptive behavior
-show increased risk for suicide

74
Q

How many cases of schizophrenia occur before age 30?

A

75%

75
Q

What are the 4 hallucinations?

A

-oil factory hallucinations
-visual hallucinations
-auditory hallucinations
-tactile hallucinations

76
Q

Oil factor hallucinations

A

smelling things that aren’t usually there

77
Q

visual hallucinations

A

seeing things that are not usually there

78
Q

auditory hallucinations

A

hearing things that aren’t usually there

79
Q

tactile hallucinations

A

feeling things that arent there

80
Q

What are delusions?

A

thinking things that demonstrate that they’re out of touch with reality; chaotic thinking

81
Q

What are delusions and irrational thought?

A

false beliefs that are maintained even though they are clearly out of touch with reality

82
Q

What is genetic vulnerability?

A

genetic factors may account for as much as 8% of the variability in susceptibility to schizophrenia

83
Q

What are neurochemical factors?

A

-the dopamine hypothesis asserts that excess dopamine activity is the basis for schizophrenia
-weed use during adolescence and meth may be associated with schizophrenia

84
Q

What are personality disorders?

A

class of disorders that are marked by extreme, inflexible personality traits that cause subjective distress or impaired social and occupational functions
-10 personality disorders that fall within 3 clusters

85
Q

What is Cluster A?

A

odd, eccentric cluster

86
Q

What is a cluster B?

A

dramatic, impulsive cluster

87
Q

What is the antisocial personality disorder?

A

-marked by impulsive, callus, manipulative behaviors
-lac adequate conscious
-unable to show genuine care and affection for others and have a very short fuse (don’t want to be frustrated)
-pursue immediate gratification

88
Q

What is the borderline personality disorder?

A

-instability in social relationships, self-image, and emotional functioning
-relationship have lots of turbulence
-switch between idealizing and devaluing others; intense and impulsive
-don’t want to be alone, but tend to push people away; fear of abondment

89
Q

What is the narcissistic personality disorder?

A

-marked by sense of self-importance, sense of entitlement, and an excessive need for attention and admiration
-self-esteem is fragile, though they appear to have high self-esteem
-fishing for attention and compliments; very boastful and braggy
-very impairing in social relationships

90
Q

What is cluster C?

A

anxious, fearful

91
Q

What is true about normal vs abnormal imply?

A

people can be divided into two distinct group when in reality its hard to know when to draw line

92
Q

medical model of psychological disorder

A

the view that it is useful to think of abnormal behavior as a disease

93
Q

What did the medical model do during the 18th and 19th centuries?

A

-dominant way of thinking about abnormal behavior during 18th and 19th centuries
-helped to bring improvements in treatment

94
Q

What did critics say about the medical model?

A

that it promoted derogatory labels, stereotypes, and social stigma

95
Q

What is the concordance rate (biological factor?

A

the percentage of twin pair or other pairs of relative that exhibit the same disorder
-link may exist between anxiety and neurochemical activity in brain

96
Q

What is true about anxiety and conditioning and learning?

A

many anxiety response can be acquired through classical conditioning and maintained through operant conditioning

97
Q

What is preparedness in anxiety?

A

people are biologically prepared by their evolutionary history to acquire some fears more easily than other

98
Q

What are cognitive factors at how anxiety-realted disturbance?

A

-certain styles of thinking make some people particularly vulnerable to anxiety disorders

99
Q

What is stress and how does it relate to anxiety-related disturbances?

A

high stress may help to precipitate or aggravate anxiety disorders

100
Q

What is a dissociative disorder

A

people lose contact with proptions of their consciousness or memory

101
Q

dissociative amnesia

A

sudden loss of memory for important personal information that is too extensive to be due to normal forgetting
-usually attributed to excessive stress

102
Q

dissociative identity disorder (DID)

A

-a disruption of identity marked by the experience of two or more largely complete, and usually very different, personalities; formerly called multiple-personality disorder

103
Q

generalized anxiety disorder

A

a chronic, high level of anxiety that is not tied to any specific threat

104
Q

specific phobia

A

a persistent and irrational of an object or situation that presents no realistic danger

105
Q

panic disorder

A

characterized by recurrent attacks of overwhelming anxiety that usually occur suddenly and unexpectedly

106
Q

agoraphobia

A

fear of going out to public places

107
Q

obsessive-compulsive disorder

A

marked by persistent, uncontrollable intrusions of unwanted thoughts (obsessions) and urge to engage in seneless rituals (compulsions)

108
Q

posttraumatic stres disorder (PTSD)

A

an enduring psychological disturbance attributed to experience of a major traumatic event

109
Q

eating disorders

A

sever disturbances in eating behavior characterized by preoccupation with weight concerns and unhealthy effort to control weight

110
Q

anorexia nervosa

A

eating disorder characterized by intense fear of gaining weight, disturbed body image, refusal to maintain normal weight, and use of dangerous measure to lose weight
-more than half of anorexic suffer from depressive disorders or anxiety disorders

111
Q

What can anorexia lead to?

A

-amenorrhea (loss of menstural cycle)
-gastrointestinal problems
-low blood pressure
-osteoporosis

112
Q

bulimia nervos

A

eating disorder characterized by habitually enganging in out of control over eating followed by unhealthy compensatory efforts such as slef-induced vomiting, fasting, abuse of laxitive and duirteic and excessive exercise
-must less life threatening that anorexia

113
Q

binge eating disorder

A

eating disorder characterized by distress-inducing eating binges that are not accompanied by the purging, fasting, and excessive exericise seen in bulimia
-more common than anorexia or bulimia

PSYC 101 (2 decks)

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