Final Exam Flashcards
explicit attitudes
attitudes that one hoes consciously and can readily describe
ex. thoughts about political issues, easy to understand because people can talk about them easily
implicit attitudes
-also known as covert attitudes
-expressed in the subtle automatic responses that people don’t have much conscious control over
-is what tells us that people hold negative ideas towards certain groups of people
Implicit association test (IAT)
-computer based test to test implicit attitudes and people have to make associations quickly
-80% show negative implicit attitudes about elderly
-75% of white respondents exhibit implicit prejudice against blacks
-implicit bias against gays, disabled, and obsese are common
evaluative conditioning
transfer emotion attached to an unconditioned stimulus onto a conditioned stimulus
ex. A well liked TV personality (unconditioned) try to sell a product (conditioned stimulus) with hope that your feelings about the TV personality will transfer to the person
operant conditioning
-happens when expressing a certain attitude
-when someone agrees (reinforce) we talk more
-disagreement serves as a punishment
-OVERALL: rewards increase a behavior and punishments decrease a behavior
observational learning
-another person’s attitudes or behaviors may propel us to change out attitudes
-you can be changed or swayed from teachers or friends based off observation
Dissonance Theory
-inconsistency in attitude or behavior may propel us to change our attitude
-want to get rid of dissonance and dysfunction
cognitive dissonance
-when related attitudes or beliefs contradict one another
Effort justification
-under cognitive dissonant
-when one tries to attribute values into a outcome that you worked hard to achieve
-justify effort that necessarily haven’t panned out
-may. come to love what you struggle to achieve
What are the 2 routes to persuasion?
central route and peipheral route
central route
-a person carefully consider the options, argument and logic
-carefully process information you are given
peripheral route
-minimal processing of information
-persuaded on non-message factors
-attractivness and credibility matters
What is true for central processing as opposed to peripheral processing?
-leads to more enduing attitude change
-are more resistant to change
-predict behaviors better
Obedience
-listening to someone in a position of power
-how does punishment affect ability to learn
-Milgrams study
What research did work on conformity?
Soloman Ash: he wanted to see how people conform to real or imagined social pressure and used a vision test
What were the key finding in Soloman Ash’s study?
-group size and group unanimity are key determinants of conformity
-more conforming in collectivistic societies
normative influence
conforming to social pressures because we’re afriad of negative social consequences
-being liked is big factor
informational influence
-people look to others for direction and guidance about how to behave in an ambiguous situation
-people conform because they want to be right
bystander effect
-people less likely to provide help if they are in a group as opposed to being alone
-probability of getting help declines as a group size increases
-diffusion of responsibility occurs in a group situation
stress
-any circumstance that threatens or are perceived to threaten ones well-being and tax one’s coping ability
-disasters contribute greatly to stress but everyday thinks like bill, shopping, car trouble contribute to stress
biopsychosocial model
holds that physical illness is caused by complex interaction of biological, psychological, and sociocultural factors
What is true about stess?
it is very subjective based on the individual
Primary appraisal of stress
-tells us if the event is irrelevant
-tells us if the situation os relevant to us but not stressful
-finally tells us if it is stressful
**if it is stressful then we move to the secondary apprasial
Secondary apprasial of stress
-start to evaluate coping resources
-if coping resources are adequate, then we are not stressed
-if coping resources are not adequate, they we go on to be stressed