Final Exam Flashcards
explicit attitudes
attitudes that one hoes consciously and can readily describe
ex. thoughts about political issues, easy to understand because people can talk about them easily
implicit attitudes
-also known as covert attitudes
-expressed in the subtle automatic responses that people don’t have much conscious control over
-is what tells us that people hold negative ideas towards certain groups of people
Implicit association test (IAT)
-computer based test to test implicit attitudes and people have to make associations quickly
-80% show negative implicit attitudes about elderly
-75% of white respondents exhibit implicit prejudice against blacks
-implicit bias against gays, disabled, and obsese are common
evaluative conditioning
transfer emotion attached to an unconditioned stimulus onto a conditioned stimulus
ex. A well liked TV personality (unconditioned) try to sell a product (conditioned stimulus) with hope that your feelings about the TV personality will transfer to the person
operant conditioning
-happens when expressing a certain attitude
-when someone agrees (reinforce) we talk more
-disagreement serves as a punishment
-OVERALL: rewards increase a behavior and punishments decrease a behavior
observational learning
-another person’s attitudes or behaviors may propel us to change out attitudes
-you can be changed or swayed from teachers or friends based off observation
Dissonance Theory
-inconsistency in attitude or behavior may propel us to change our attitude
-want to get rid of dissonance and dysfunction
cognitive dissonance
-when related attitudes or beliefs contradict one another
Effort justification
-under cognitive dissonant
-when one tries to attribute values into a outcome that you worked hard to achieve
-justify effort that necessarily haven’t panned out
-may. come to love what you struggle to achieve
What are the 2 routes to persuasion?
central route and peipheral route
central route
-a person carefully consider the options, argument and logic
-carefully process information you are given
peripheral route
-minimal processing of information
-persuaded on non-message factors
-attractivness and credibility matters
What is true for central processing as opposed to peripheral processing?
-leads to more enduing attitude change
-are more resistant to change
-predict behaviors better
Obedience
-listening to someone in a position of power
-how does punishment affect ability to learn
-Milgrams study
What research did work on conformity?
Soloman Ash: he wanted to see how people conform to real or imagined social pressure and used a vision test
What were the key finding in Soloman Ash’s study?
-group size and group unanimity are key determinants of conformity
-more conforming in collectivistic societies
normative influence
conforming to social pressures because we’re afriad of negative social consequences
-being liked is big factor
informational influence
-people look to others for direction and guidance about how to behave in an ambiguous situation
-people conform because they want to be right
bystander effect
-people less likely to provide help if they are in a group as opposed to being alone
-probability of getting help declines as a group size increases
-diffusion of responsibility occurs in a group situation
stress
-any circumstance that threatens or are perceived to threaten ones well-being and tax one’s coping ability
-disasters contribute greatly to stress but everyday thinks like bill, shopping, car trouble contribute to stress
biopsychosocial model
holds that physical illness is caused by complex interaction of biological, psychological, and sociocultural factors
What is true about stess?
it is very subjective based on the individual
Primary appraisal of stress
-tells us if the event is irrelevant
-tells us if the situation os relevant to us but not stressful
-finally tells us if it is stressful
**if it is stressful then we move to the secondary apprasial
Secondary apprasial of stress
-start to evaluate coping resources
-if coping resources are adequate, then we are not stressed
-if coping resources are not adequate, they we go on to be stressed
What are the 4 types of stress?
-frustration
-conflict
-life changes
-pressure
frustration
experience it when you want something but you can’t have it
conflict
two or more incompatible motives or motivation and they are competing for expression
life changes
things that consider substantial changes in the way we live that require readjustment
pressure
expectations or demands that one behave in a certain way
-can be imposed by others or self imposed
types of conflict?
-approach-approach
-avoidance-avoidance
-approach-avoidacne
approach-approach conflict
-least stressful
-have to make a choice between 2 attractive goals
avoidance-avoidance
-the most stressful
-make a choice between 2 unattractive goals, both are bad choices
approach-avoidance
-1 single goal that has an attractive and unattractive component
-taking risks
What are the three ways to respond to stress?
- emotional response
- physiological response
- behavioral response
Emotional response to stress
-can have negative or positive emotions to stress
-might be annoyed, anxious or angry
physiological response
-bodily and physical changes in response to some stresser
-hormonal fluctuations
Behavioral response to stress
specific behaviors that we use to cope during stressful events
Broaden-and-build theory of positive emotion
-explains how positive emotions promote resilience
-positive emotions alter people’s mindsets
-broaden scope of attention
-positive emotions can promote rewarding social interactions and under effects of negative emotions
**can even enhance our immune system and protect against heart diseae
Optimal level of stress
there is an amount of stress (not too much and not too little) that is beneficial in task performance
inverted U hypothesis
too much arousal is not good but too little is not good also
Who was the general adaptation syndrome made by?
Hans Selye and wanted to talk about how you react to stress
What are the 3 levels of stress by Hans Selye?
- Alarm Stage
- Resistance Stage
- Exhaustion Stage
What is the alarm stage?
first recognize the onset of stress, body starts reacting physically
physiology is aroused
Resistance stage
arousal is higher than normal but it will be stabilizing as you become more accustomed to the threat
exhaustion stage
damaging to organs and leads to other health issues
coping
efforts to master, reduce, or tolerate the demands created by stress
-giving up and blaming oneself
-learned helplessness
aggression
any behavior that is intended to hurt someone either physically or verbally
catharsis
release of emotional tension
defense mechanisms
largely unconscious reactions that protect a person from unpleasant emotions such as anxiety and guilt
constructive coping
-healthy way to deal with stressful events
-confronting problems directly
-realistic appraisals of thinking about stressor
-rethink about stressful events in ways that are less stressful
-take care of yourself so your body is not vulnerable to the negative effects of stress
Type A personality
-strong, competitive orientation
-impatience and time urgency
-anger and hostility
-link between type A and risk of heart disease
Type B personality
relaxed, patient, easy going, amicable behavior
What does link between coronary risk and Type A personality come from?
the anger and hostility
how does social support influence stress?
-people live longer
What is true about cultural disparities in social support?
different cultures prefer different types of social support
-americans prefer explicit social support
-asian prefer implicit social support
optimism
tendency to expect a good outcome
conscientiousness
big five is aassociated with good physical heath and increased longevity
stress mindset
enhancing mindset should be associated with intermediate arousal in response to stress and more effective coping strategies
social psychology
concerned with the way individuals thoughts and feelings and behaviors are influenced by others
attractiveness stereotype
phenomenon whereby people tend to ascribe desirable personality characteristics to those who are good looking (pretty privilege)
stereotypes
widely held beliefs that people have certain characterists because of their membership in a particular group
illusory correlation
individuals selectively recall facts that fit with their stereotypes
major depressive disorder
-persistent feelings of sadness and despair and lost of interest in previous sources of pleasure
-anhedonia is a central feature of major depression
stereotypes
-widely held beliefs that people have certain characteristics because of their membership in a particular group
bipolar disorder
-experience of both depressed and manic periods (personality that is highly elevated; feel of conquering the world, hyperactive, talk quickly, lack of focus)
-not as common as major depressive disorder
True or False
Bipolar disorder is seen equally in men and women
True
What is the typical age onset for bipolar disorder?
late teens and early 20s
What is genetic vulnerability and how does it relate to depressive and bipolar disorders?
heredity can create etiologies of depressive and bipolar disorders
-Heredity can create the disposition but the environment can activate
what is a neurochemical factors?
correlations between mood disorders and two specific neurotransmitters in the brain (norepinephrine and serotonin)
what are cognitive factors?
cognitive models of depression that are maintained because of negative thinking
What is true of a majority of people who suffer from suicide?
most of them have some type of psycholgical disorder
How more likely are women likely to attempt suicide ?
3x more often than men but men are more likely to kill themselves with the attempt
What are schizophrenia characteristics?
marked by delusions, hallucinations, disorganized thinking and speech. and deterioration and adaptive behavior
-show increased risk for suicide
How many cases of schizophrenia occur before age 30?
75%
What are the 4 hallucinations?
-oil factory hallucinations
-visual hallucinations
-auditory hallucinations
-tactile hallucinations
Oil factor hallucinations
smelling things that aren’t usually there
visual hallucinations
seeing things that are not usually there
auditory hallucinations
hearing things that aren’t usually there
tactile hallucinations
feeling things that arent there
What are delusions?
thinking things that demonstrate that they’re out of touch with reality; chaotic thinking
What are delusions and irrational thought?
false beliefs that are maintained even though they are clearly out of touch with reality
What is genetic vulnerability?
genetic factors may account for as much as 8% of the variability in susceptibility to schizophrenia
What are neurochemical factors?
-the dopamine hypothesis asserts that excess dopamine activity is the basis for schizophrenia
-weed use during adolescence and meth may be associated with schizophrenia
What are personality disorders?
class of disorders that are marked by extreme, inflexible personality traits that cause subjective distress or impaired social and occupational functions
-10 personality disorders that fall within 3 clusters
What is Cluster A?
odd, eccentric cluster
What is a cluster B?
dramatic, impulsive cluster
What is the antisocial personality disorder?
-marked by impulsive, callus, manipulative behaviors
-lac adequate conscious
-unable to show genuine care and affection for others and have a very short fuse (don’t want to be frustrated)
-pursue immediate gratification
What is the borderline personality disorder?
-instability in social relationships, self-image, and emotional functioning
-relationship have lots of turbulence
-switch between idealizing and devaluing others; intense and impulsive
-don’t want to be alone, but tend to push people away; fear of abondment
What is the narcissistic personality disorder?
-marked by sense of self-importance, sense of entitlement, and an excessive need for attention and admiration
-self-esteem is fragile, though they appear to have high self-esteem
-fishing for attention and compliments; very boastful and braggy
-very impairing in social relationships
What is cluster C?
anxious, fearful
What is true about normal vs abnormal imply?
people can be divided into two distinct group when in reality its hard to know when to draw line
medical model of psychological disorder
the view that it is useful to think of abnormal behavior as a disease
What did the medical model do during the 18th and 19th centuries?
-dominant way of thinking about abnormal behavior during 18th and 19th centuries
-helped to bring improvements in treatment
What did critics say about the medical model?
that it promoted derogatory labels, stereotypes, and social stigma
What is the concordance rate (biological factor?
the percentage of twin pair or other pairs of relative that exhibit the same disorder
-link may exist between anxiety and neurochemical activity in brain
What is true about anxiety and conditioning and learning?
many anxiety response can be acquired through classical conditioning and maintained through operant conditioning
What is preparedness in anxiety?
people are biologically prepared by their evolutionary history to acquire some fears more easily than other
What are cognitive factors at how anxiety-realted disturbance?
-certain styles of thinking make some people particularly vulnerable to anxiety disorders
What is stress and how does it relate to anxiety-related disturbances?
high stress may help to precipitate or aggravate anxiety disorders
What is a dissociative disorder
people lose contact with proptions of their consciousness or memory
dissociative amnesia
sudden loss of memory for important personal information that is too extensive to be due to normal forgetting
-usually attributed to excessive stress
dissociative identity disorder (DID)
-a disruption of identity marked by the experience of two or more largely complete, and usually very different, personalities; formerly called multiple-personality disorder
generalized anxiety disorder
a chronic, high level of anxiety that is not tied to any specific threat
specific phobia
a persistent and irrational of an object or situation that presents no realistic danger
panic disorder
characterized by recurrent attacks of overwhelming anxiety that usually occur suddenly and unexpectedly
agoraphobia
fear of going out to public places
obsessive-compulsive disorder
marked by persistent, uncontrollable intrusions of unwanted thoughts (obsessions) and urge to engage in seneless rituals (compulsions)
posttraumatic stres disorder (PTSD)
an enduring psychological disturbance attributed to experience of a major traumatic event
eating disorders
sever disturbances in eating behavior characterized by preoccupation with weight concerns and unhealthy effort to control weight
anorexia nervosa
eating disorder characterized by intense fear of gaining weight, disturbed body image, refusal to maintain normal weight, and use of dangerous measure to lose weight
-more than half of anorexic suffer from depressive disorders or anxiety disorders
What can anorexia lead to?
-amenorrhea (loss of menstural cycle)
-gastrointestinal problems
-low blood pressure
-osteoporosis
bulimia nervos
eating disorder characterized by habitually enganging in out of control over eating followed by unhealthy compensatory efforts such as slef-induced vomiting, fasting, abuse of laxitive and duirteic and excessive exercise
-must less life threatening that anorexia
binge eating disorder
eating disorder characterized by distress-inducing eating binges that are not accompanied by the purging, fasting, and excessive exericise seen in bulimia
-more common than anorexia or bulimia
