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PSYC 101 > Exam 2 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the three processes within memory?

A

encoding (recording the memory)
storage (maintaining memory over time)
retrieval (being able to recall the memory)

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2
Q

What is attention?

A

focusing awareness on a narrowed range of stimuli or events

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3
Q

What do studies suggest about attention and memory?

A

it is almost impossible to focus on two things and remembr them well

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4
Q

Who was the information processing theory made by?

A

Craik and Lockhard

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5
Q

What are the three levels of procesing?

A

Shallow
intermediate
deep

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6
Q

What type of encoding does shallow processing do?

A

structural encoding: emphasizes the physical structure of the stimulus (is word in capital letter)

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7
Q

What type of encoding does intermediate processing do?

A

phonemic encoding: emphasizes what a word sounds like (does the word thyme)

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8
Q

What type of encoding does deep processing do?

A

semantic encoding: emphasizes the meaning of verbal input (thinking about the objects and actions and wha they represent

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9
Q

How can semantic encoding be enhanced ?

A

process called elaboration

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10
Q

What is elaboration?

A

the linking of a stimulus to other information at the time of encoding (making connections to your own life to help memory stick)

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11
Q

What is visual imagery?

A

making visual images to help represent words to be rememebred

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12
Q

Who made the dual-coding theory?

A

Paivio

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13
Q

What was the basis behind the dual coding theory?

A

imagery faciliates memory because it provides a second kind of memory code and two codes are better than one

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14
Q

What is dual-coding theory?

A

holds that memory is enhanced by forming both semantic and visual codes since either can lead to recall

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15
Q

What is known about motivation to remember?

A

when motivation to remember is high at time of encoding, recall is better because it perceived to be more important

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16
Q

What is sensory memory?

A

holds information in its original sensory form for a brief time
-allows the sensation of visual patter, sound or touch to linger for brief moment after the sensory stimulus is over

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17
Q

What is short term memory?

A

limited-capacity store that can maintain unrehearsed information for up to about 20 seconds

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18
Q

How does information move from short term to long term memory?

A

rehearsal (repeating it over and over); without rehearsal information in short-term is lost in 10-20 seconds

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19
Q

What is the capacity of the short term memory?

A

Changed the capacity from 7 ±2 to 4 ±1

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20
Q

Why has the capacity of short term memory been overestimated?

A

researchers have often failed to take steps to prevent covert rehearsal or chunking

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21
Q

What is a chunk?

A

group of familiar stimuli storage as a single unit

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22
Q

What is the working memory?

A

temporary storage and manipulation of information

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23
Q

What is working memory capacity?

A

One’s ability to hold and manipulate information in conscious attention (Baddley)

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24
Q

What is long-term memory?

A

unlimited capacity store that can hold information over long periods of time

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25
Q

What type of memories suggest that long-term memories might be permanant?

A

flashbulb memories

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26
Q

What is a flashbulb memory?

A

unusually vivid and detailed recollections of momentous events
-when people do forget its based of retrival failure but there is no convincing evidence that supports this

27
Q

What is the tip of the tongue ?

A

The temporary inability to remember something you know,
accompanied by a feeling that it’s just out of reach

28
Q

What are retrieval cues ?

A

things that help a person to remember a certain memory

29
Q

What is used sometimes in eyewitness recall of legal investigations

A

hypnosis

30
Q

What is true of our reconstructions of memories?

A

they are reconstructions of the past and may be distorted and may include details that did not actually happen

31
Q

What is the misinformation?

A

participants recall of an event they witnessed is altered by introducing misleading post information
-it can distort recall of basic true events

32
Q

What is source monitoring?

A

process of making inferences about the origins of memories (misinformation effect appears to be due to unreliability of source monitoring)

33
Q

What is true of the source of memories?

A

people decide at the time of retrieval where memories come form

34
Q

What is a source-monitoring error?

A

when memory from one source is attributed to another source

35
Q

What is ineffective encoding?

A

when you never encoded the memory correctly in the first place

36
Q

What is psuedoforgetting?

A

phenomenon of thinking you forgot something that you never really learned
-usually attributed to lack of attention

37
Q

What is decay theory?

A

The idea that forgetting occurs because memory traces fade with time

38
Q

What is interference theory?

A

people forget information because of competition from other mateiral

39
Q

What is retroactive interference?

A

occurs when new information impairs the retention of previously learned information

40
Q

What is proactive interference?

A

occurs when perviously learned information interferes with the retention of new information

41
Q

What is encoding specificity principle ?

A

states that the value of a retrieval cue depends on how well it corresponds to the memory code

42
Q

What is true about language aquisition?

A

language is a species-specific behavior, seems to be localized in the brain
-– Listening to speech is associated with greater electrical activity in the left hemisphere than
rightq

43
Q

What is aphasia?

A

an acquired communication disorder that impairs a person’s ability to process language, but does not affect intelligence

44
Q

What type of theory for language did Skinner propose?

A

behaviorist theory; children learn language through imitation, reinforcement and other principles of conditioning

45
Q

What is the Nativst approach by Noam Chomsky?

A

human have language acquisition device (LAD) that is an innate mechanism or process that facilitates the learning of language
-humans learn language in the same way that birds learn to fly

46
Q

What three levels of analysis can intelligence be decribed as?

A

As consisting of one thing
As consisting of a few things
As consisting of many things

47
Q

What is the germinal stage ?

A

fertilized zygote; the first 2 weeks after conception

48
Q

What is the embryonic stage?

A

2 weeks-8 week

49
Q

What time fetal stage?

A

9th week until birth

50
Q

What did Freud say about defense mechanisms as they relate to the id ego and superego?

A

Saw behavior as conflict between the id ego and superego with conflicts on sex and aggressive impulses having far reaching consequences

51
Q

Why do we have defense mechanisms according to Freud?

A

conflicts in life cause us anxiety so we have defense mechanism s

52
Q

What are some of the defense mechanisms suggested by Freud?

A

repression, projection, displacement, reaction formation, regression, rationalization, identification, sublimation

53
Q

What did Jean Piaget say about cognitive development?

A

it comes from the interaction of environment and maturation

54
Q

What two things did Jean paiget say cognitive development depends on?

A

assimilation and accommodation

55
Q

What is assimilation?

A

when individual interprets new info in terms of existing mental structures

56
Q

What is the last part of the brain to develop?

A

prefrontal cortex

57
Q

What is true of the white matter in the brain?

A

the white matter increases myelinization and increased synaptic pruning

58
Q

What is the Bayley Scale of Infant development ?

A

a test given to infant to tests for developmental issues

59
Q

What are the WISC and WAIS used for?

A

to test the intelligence of children and adult and broken up in to a verbal and performance portion

60
Q

What is true overall about the iq scores of boys and girls?

A

on average they score similarly

61
Q

What areas of IQ do girls typically perform better in?

A

writing, perceptual speed, and verbal fluency

62
Q

What areas of IQ do boys typically perform better in?

A

visual-spatial processing, science, and math problem solving

63
Q

What does Skinner say about language development?

A

reinforcement can explain language development

64
Q

What does Bandura say about language development?

A

learning language occurs through observation
-kids imitate what their kids say and generalization

PSYC 101 (2 decks)

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