Exam 2 Flashcards
What are the three processes within memory?
encoding (recording the memory)
storage (maintaining memory over time)
retrieval (being able to recall the memory)
What is attention?
focusing awareness on a narrowed range of stimuli or events
What do studies suggest about attention and memory?
it is almost impossible to focus on two things and remembr them well
Who was the information processing theory made by?
Craik and Lockhard
What are the three levels of procesing?
Shallow
intermediate
deep
What type of encoding does shallow processing do?
structural encoding: emphasizes the physical structure of the stimulus (is word in capital letter)
What type of encoding does intermediate processing do?
phonemic encoding: emphasizes what a word sounds like (does the word thyme)
What type of encoding does deep processing do?
semantic encoding: emphasizes the meaning of verbal input (thinking about the objects and actions and wha they represent
How can semantic encoding be enhanced ?
process called elaboration
What is elaboration?
the linking of a stimulus to other information at the time of encoding (making connections to your own life to help memory stick)
What is visual imagery?
making visual images to help represent words to be rememebred
Who made the dual-coding theory?
Paivio
What was the basis behind the dual coding theory?
imagery faciliates memory because it provides a second kind of memory code and two codes are better than one
What is dual-coding theory?
holds that memory is enhanced by forming both semantic and visual codes since either can lead to recall
What is known about motivation to remember?
when motivation to remember is high at time of encoding, recall is better because it perceived to be more important
What is sensory memory?
holds information in its original sensory form for a brief time
-allows the sensation of visual patter, sound or touch to linger for brief moment after the sensory stimulus is over
What is short term memory?
limited-capacity store that can maintain unrehearsed information for up to about 20 seconds
How does information move from short term to long term memory?
rehearsal (repeating it over and over); without rehearsal information in short-term is lost in 10-20 seconds
What is the capacity of the short term memory?
Changed the capacity from 7 ±2 to 4 ±1
Why has the capacity of short term memory been overestimated?
researchers have often failed to take steps to prevent covert rehearsal or chunking
What is a chunk?
group of familiar stimuli storage as a single unit
What is the working memory?
temporary storage and manipulation of information
What is working memory capacity?
One’s ability to hold and manipulate information in conscious attention (Baddley)
What is long-term memory?
unlimited capacity store that can hold information over long periods of time
What type of memories suggest that long-term memories might be permanant?
flashbulb memories
What is a flashbulb memory?
unusually vivid and detailed recollections of momentous events
-when people do forget its based of retrival failure but there is no convincing evidence that supports this
What is the tip of the tongue ?
The temporary inability to remember something you know,
accompanied by a feeling that it’s just out of reach
What are retrieval cues ?
things that help a person to remember a certain memory
What is used sometimes in eyewitness recall of legal investigations
hypnosis
What is true of our reconstructions of memories?
they are reconstructions of the past and may be distorted and may include details that did not actually happen
What is the misinformation?
participants recall of an event they witnessed is altered by introducing misleading post information
-it can distort recall of basic true events
What is source monitoring?
process of making inferences about the origins of memories (misinformation effect appears to be due to unreliability of source monitoring)
What is true of the source of memories?
people decide at the time of retrieval where memories come form
What is a source-monitoring error?
when memory from one source is attributed to another source
What is ineffective encoding?
when you never encoded the memory correctly in the first place
What is psuedoforgetting?
phenomenon of thinking you forgot something that you never really learned
-usually attributed to lack of attention
What is decay theory?
The idea that forgetting occurs because memory traces fade with time
What is interference theory?
people forget information because of competition from other mateiral
What is retroactive interference?
occurs when new information impairs the retention of previously learned information
What is proactive interference?
occurs when perviously learned information interferes with the retention of new information
What is encoding specificity principle ?
states that the value of a retrieval cue depends on how well it corresponds to the memory code
What is true about language aquisition?
language is a species-specific behavior, seems to be localized in the brain
-– Listening to speech is associated with greater electrical activity in the left hemisphere than
rightq
What is aphasia?
an acquired communication disorder that impairs a person’s ability to process language, but does not affect intelligence
What type of theory for language did Skinner propose?
behaviorist theory; children learn language through imitation, reinforcement and other principles of conditioning
What is the Nativst approach by Noam Chomsky?
human have language acquisition device (LAD) that is an innate mechanism or process that facilitates the learning of language
-humans learn language in the same way that birds learn to fly
What three levels of analysis can intelligence be decribed as?
As consisting of one thing
As consisting of a few things
As consisting of many things
What is the germinal stage ?
fertilized zygote; the first 2 weeks after conception
What is the embryonic stage?
2 weeks-8 week
What time fetal stage?
9th week until birth
What did Freud say about defense mechanisms as they relate to the id ego and superego?
Saw behavior as conflict between the id ego and superego with conflicts on sex and aggressive impulses having far reaching consequences
Why do we have defense mechanisms according to Freud?
conflicts in life cause us anxiety so we have defense mechanism s
What are some of the defense mechanisms suggested by Freud?
repression, projection, displacement, reaction formation, regression, rationalization, identification, sublimation
What did Jean Piaget say about cognitive development?
it comes from the interaction of environment and maturation
What two things did Jean paiget say cognitive development depends on?
assimilation and accommodation
What is assimilation?
when individual interprets new info in terms of existing mental structures
What is the last part of the brain to develop?
prefrontal cortex
What is true of the white matter in the brain?
the white matter increases myelinization and increased synaptic pruning
What is the Bayley Scale of Infant development ?
a test given to infant to tests for developmental issues
What are the WISC and WAIS used for?
to test the intelligence of children and adult and broken up in to a verbal and performance portion
What is true overall about the iq scores of boys and girls?
on average they score similarly
What areas of IQ do girls typically perform better in?
writing, perceptual speed, and verbal fluency
What areas of IQ do boys typically perform better in?
visual-spatial processing, science, and math problem solving
What does Skinner say about language development?
reinforcement can explain language development
What does Bandura say about language development?
learning language occurs through observation
-kids imitate what their kids say and generalization
