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Final Exam Flashcards

1
Q

Fescue Basics & Toxicity

A

o Tall fescue
o Common problem in large animals

Toxicity
o Toxic principal – ergovaline
o Peripheral vasoconstriction
o Suppression of prolactin secretion

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2
Q

Fescue Clinical Signs

A 
Summer slump
•	Hyperthermia
•	Decrease feed intake
•	Weight loss
•	Abortions

Winter – fescue foot
•	Vasoconstriction -> ischemic necrosis of distal limbs
•	Loss of appetite 
•	Lameness
•	Abortions

Repro problems any time of year
•	Horses > cows > sheep
•	Prolonged gestation
•	Dysmature young
•	Agalactia
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3
Q

Ergot Basics, specific alkaloids, & Mech of Action

A

o Claviceps fungus found in grass & grains
o Replace seed w/ sclerotia body (hard black)
o Problem in PNW

Mech of Action
o Ergoeptide alkaloids – ergotamine & ergonovine
o Peripheral vasoconstriction
o Affects humans, cattle, swine

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4
Q

Ergot Clinical Signs, Diagnosis, Treatment

A 
Clinical Signs
o	Feed refusal
o	Dry gangrene (ischemic necrosis) of distal extremities
o	Lameness
o	Neuro symptoms
o	Small week piglets & claves
o	Agalactia
o	Abortion

Diagnosis
o Look for sclerotia
o Analyze feed for ergopeptide alkaloids

Treatment
o symptomatic

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5
Q

Selenium Basics, Diagnosis, Treatment

A

o Acute or Chronic
o From high selenium forage
o Horses most sensitive

Diagnosis
o Source
o Analysis of blood (antemortem)
o Liver & kidney postmortem

Treatment
o Symptomatic

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6
Q

Selenium Clinical Signs

A

o Vary between species & duration of exposure

Acute
• Cardiac, lung, liver, kidney, skeletal muscle
• Poliomyelomalacia in swine

Chronic
•	Bob-tailed dz
•	Hair-loss on mane & tail
•	Anorexia
•	Hoof deformities
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7
Q

Selenium Deficiency

A

White muscle dz
o cows, goats, sheep, horse

Masseter muscle myopathy
o horses

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8
Q

Paraquat Basics & Toxicity

A 
o	Herbicide
o	Desiccant
o	Very popular
o	Color, odor, & emetic added to deter humans
o	All animals susceptible but dogs often

Toxicity
o	Acute oral exposures
o	Less than 20% absorbed
o	Accumulates in lungs
o	T1/2 = 24hrs
o	Most excreted unchanged in urine
o	Uses MOA & produces free radicals
o	O2 is substrate
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9
Q

Paraquat Clinical SIgns

A

Acute
• GI: V, D, abdominal pain
• Pulmonary: inflammation, necrosis, edema, dyspnea
• Death

Chronic
• ~5-7d
• continued pulmonary changes -> fibrosis
• renal issues

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10
Q

Paraquat Gross & Histo Lesions

A

Gross
• Acute hemorrhage, necrosis, edema of lung & GI
• Chronic fibrosis in lung

Microscopic
• Acute hemorrhage, necrosis, edema of lung & GI
• Chronic interstitial lung fibroplasis & renal necrosis

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11
Q

Paraquat Diagnosis & Treatment

A 
Diagnosis
•	History
•	GI, lung, & renal lesions
•	Urine analysis antemortem
•	Liver, kidney, lung postmortem

Treatment
• Decontaminate (AS): emesis, *AC, cathartic 

• Anti-emetics, analgesics 

• GI protectants: sucralfate, H2-antagonists, omeprazole 

• IV fluids
• Oxygen?? 
(need to breath but O2 is substrate for parquat)

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12
Q

Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) Basics, Toxicity, Treatment

A

o Nonstick surfaces, lightbulbs, heat lamps, irons, ironing board covers, baking sheets, ovens, heaters
o Birds most susceptible
o Polymer fume fever

Toxicity
o Above 500F PTFE releases fumes & particulates
o Acute respiratory distress

Treatment
o Remove from environment
o O2

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13
Q

Slaframine Basics, Diagnosis, Treatment

A

o Fungus on red clover, alfalfa, legumes
o Slaframine is gland M3 agonist
o Excessive salivation

Diagnosis
o Test for Slaframine in Feed source
o Salivation

Treatment
o Remove access to feed

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14
Q

Zearalenone Basics

A 
o	Produced by Fusarium
o	Metabolized to zearalenol which binds to estradiol 18B receptor
o	Found on grains
o	Weak estrogen
o	Swine > cows
o	Test for Zearalenone in food
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15
Q

Strychnine Basics & Mech of Action

A

o Common in PNW
o Rodenticide
o Died grain or liquid
o All animals susceptible

Mech of Action
o Rapid absorption & wide tissue distribution ->
o reversible antagonism of inhibitory NT glycine at postsynaptic sites in spinal cord + medulla ->
o reflex stimulation, extensor muscles predominate ->
o muscle rigidity similar to tentanus

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16
Q

Strychnine Clin Signs, Diagnosis, Treatment

A 
Clinical Signs
o	Acute onset
o	Extensor rigidity
o	Tonic seizures induce by stimuli
o	Death is common

Diagnosis
o History
o clinical signs
o Chemical analysis of stomach contents

Treatment
o	Control tonic seizures & rigidity w/ pentobarbital
o	Decontaminate (mostly if asymptomatic)
o	O2
o	Fluids
o	Lower temp
o	Put in quiet place
o	Monitor acidosis
o	Watch for 24hrs
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17
Q

Metaldehyde Basics

A

o Slug & snail bait (molluscicide)
o Often combined w/ acetylcholinesterase inhibitors
o DUMBSLED = Ds, urination, miosis, bradycardia, salivation, lacrimation, emesis & dyspnea
o All species susceptible; most commonly dogs
o Usually not as fatal as strychnine

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18
Q

Metaldehyde Clin Signs

A
  • Early ‘apprehension’ phase
  • muscle tremors (face, body
  • sensitive to external stimuli
  • dose high enough -> tonic/clonic seizures -> death (respiratory failure)
  • Hyperthermia
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19
Q

Metaldehyde Diagnosis & Treatment

A

Diagnoisis
o Muscle tremors
o History
o Chem analysis of stomach contents

Treatment
o Decontaminate; emetic, AC, etc
o Control tremors / seizures – length of sedation (hrs to days)
o Supportive care: IV fluids / acid-base / oxygen / control T
o Prognosis better (24-48 hrs) depends on dose and success of decontamination

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20
Q

Penitrem A & roquefortine Basics

A 
o	Penicillium mold species
o	Tremergenic mycotoxins
o	Moldy foods, decaying organic material, walnuts - cheese – bread, egg shells, coffee grounds, carrot peels, corn
o	All species susceptible 
o	hard to estimate dose
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21
Q

Penitrem A & roquefortine Clin Signs

A

o Onset rapid

  • Initial ‘apprehensive’ phase
  • intention tremors, ataxia
  • tonic/clonic seizures
  • sensitivity to external stimuli
  • nystagmus
  • 50% will vomit 

  • cerebellar component

Death if dose is high enough or no treatment provided

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22
Q

Penitrem A & roquefortine Diagnosis & Treatment

A

Diagnosis
o History
o Chemical analysis of Stomach contents, Serum, bile, urine

Treatment
o Decontaminate; emetic, cholestyramine, cathartic, lavage 

o Control tremors / seizures w/ methocarbamol or diazepam 

o Supportive: IV fluids / acid-base / T / oxygen / ataxic patient
o Prognosis – variable (depends on dose and success at decontamination) – 24 to 48 hrs 


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23
Q

Bromethalin Basics

A 
o	Rodenticide
o	Dogs most common
o	Cats 10X more sensitive
o	Long T ½ = 6 days
o	Important to do math
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24
Q

Bromethalin Mech of Action

A

o Uncoupler of oxidative phosphorylation in mitochondria of CNS ->
o drop in ATP ->
o build up of extracellular fluid ->
o fluid filled vacuoles between myelin sheaths, edema ->
o pressure impairs nerve conduction and increase in intracranial pressure ->
o paralytic syndrome / convulsant syndrome

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25
Bromethalin Clinical Pathology, Diagnosis, Treatment
Clinical Pathology o More likely to see lesions after 24hrs o Edema postmortem o Vacuolation w/in myelin sheaths Diagnosis o History o Abrupt onset of lethargy, paralysis, convulsing o Maybe chem analysis of stomach contents acutely o Chem analysis of fat postmortem ``` Treatment o Decontaminate o AC every 6-8hrs for 24hrs o Maybe cholestyramine o Control temors & seizures o support ```
26
Bromethalin Clinical Signs
o Lag phase up to 2-5 days ``` Paralytic form • Any toxic dose • hind limb paresis / paralysis 
 • abdominal distension, ileus 
 • more common in cats ``` Convulsant form • Dose greater than LD 50 • V, muscle tremors, tonic/clonic seizures • Hypersensitivity to external stimuli
27
1080 Sodium monofluoroacetate Basics & Mech of Action
o Banned in US o All animals susceptible o Secondary poisonings occur Mech of Action o Affects krebs cycle & ATP production
28
1080 Sodium monofluoroacetate Clinical Signs Dogs, Cats, Livestock
o Lag phase 30 min to 2 hrs Dogs • GI & CNS • Cycles of vocalizing, running, deficating, seizures intensify • Respiratory & cardiac arrest Cats • GI & CNS depression or excitation Livestock • Cardiac
29
1080 Sodium monofluoroacetate Diagnosis & Treatment
Diagnosis o History o Clinical signs o Chem analysis of urine & kidney Treatment o Doesn’t really work o Maybe pentobarbital + Na bicarbonate
30
Methionine Basics, Clinical Signs, Treatment
o given to dogs for lawn care o transient hind limb paralysis / abnormal posture o metabolite is homocysteine Clinical Signs o vomiting, ataxia / acidosis, lethargy, diarrhea, weakness, PD, hypermetria, disorientation, tremors, anorexia, vocalization 
 Treatment o Fluids & confinement o bicarbonate o emetics if asymptomatic within 2-4 hours
31
Methylxanthines; what are they?
Theobromine o Cacao beans o Chocolate foods Caffeine o Coffee, tea etc o Coffee beans (chocolate covered?) o No-Doz Theophylline o Bronchodilator o Tea
32
Methylxanthines Toxicity
``` o All animals susceptible, dogs common o Variation in chronic dose for different individuals o Long T1/2 o Enterohepatic recirculation o Chocolate delays gastric emptying o Pancreatitis can be concern due to fat o DO THE MATH ```
33
Methylxanthines Clinical Signs & Diagnosis
``` Clinical Signs o CNS excitation, excessive urination, CV effects, GI o Increased HR & BP o Muscular excitability o V, D, urination, bloat o Hyperactivity, tremors o Tachycardia, hypertension o Tonic/clonic seizures o Cardiac arrhythmias ``` Diagnosis o Exposure o Clinical signs in order of GI -> PU/PD -> tremors -> CV
34
Methylxanthines Treatment
Asymptomatic • Emesis up to 6hrs post ingestion • AC 3x in 24hrs • Cathartic ``` Symptomatic • Control tremors w/ benzos • Monitor ECG, BP, HR, CNS, Na levels • IV fluids • Anti emetics • Send home after 8-12 hrs ```
35
Glow Jewelry
o Dibutyl phthalate o Biggest risk to cats o Acute salivation & catnip like behavior change o Rinse mouth, eyes, etc o give Zinc sulfide or strontium aluminate
36
Basics of Lead
o Found in paint, batteries, sinkers/shot o All animal susceptible o Often in cattle & acute o Often chronic in raptors & waterfowl o Young animals have increased absorbtion in GI o Excreted in bile
37
Mech of Action of Lead
o Bind to protein on RBCs o Premature release of immature RBCs in dogs & cats o Increased vascular permeability -> edema of CNS/PNS & demylination of peripheral nerves o GI irritation o Renal changes o Liver necrosis
38
Clin Signs of Lead in Dogs, Cats, Cows, Horses, Birds
Cats/Dogs • GI first then maybe CNS • Vs, Ds, anorexia, abdominal pain • Hysteria hyperexcitability ``` Cows • CNS & PNS maybe GI • Blindness, wandering, twitching • Acute death in calves • Hyperthermia ``` Horses • Never seen! • Lethargy & laryngeal paralysis ``` Birds • Chronic GI & PNS symtoms • Lethargy anorexia • Ds, crop stasis • Wing paralysis ```
39
Lead; clin path & lesions
``` Clin Path o nRBCs + regeneration o chronic anemia in birds o maybe renal tubular nephropathy o maybe elevated liver enzymes ``` ``` Lesions o Cerebral edema o Pale-cooked muscle o Polioencephalomalacia o Liver & kidney necrosis ```
40
Lead Diagnosis, Treatment, Prognosis
``` Diagnosis o Exposure o Radiographs o Lead analysis of whole blood o Liver & kidney postmortem ``` ``` Treatment o Decontaminate; emetics or surgery o Chelation w/ succimer o CaEDTA (in cows) o Maybe penecillamine o Thiamine hydrochloride o Control seizures ``` Prognosis o SA do well o LA & birds do not
41
Non-protein Nitrogen Basics & Toxicity
o Urea most common o Fertilizer o Anhydrous ammonia fertilizer can cause pulmonary Toxicity o All species susceptible o Ruminants most common o Excessive ammonia levels in vivo
42
Non-protein Nitrogen Mech of Action
o Urea + water -> NH3 + CO2 (urease) o Rumen flora take ammonia and carbs -> amino acids + protein o Microflora overwhelmed -> rumen buffers to NH4 -> o Increased NH4 -> pH rises (> *8-10); overwhelm buffering capacity & increase NH3 concentrations o NH3 gets absorbed -> overwhelms buffer and urea cycle -> hyperammonemia (toxicosis) o Rumen alkalosis / metabolic acidosis -> hyperkalemia-induced cardiac failure
43
Non-protein Nitrogen Clinical Signs, Diagnosis, Treatment
Clinical Signs o Onset <4hrs o Usually after new feed introduced o Salivation, Abdominal pain – grinding 
teeth 
 o Muscle tremors, Ataxia, weakness, dyspnea 
 o Convulsions, bloat, death 
 o Rapid clinical progression 
 ``` Diagnosis o Many animals affected o Rumen pH >8-10 o Collect eyeball immediately after death & freeze to confirm high ammonia o Analyze supplement ``` ``` Treatment o Often not possible o Treat w/ in 20 mins of signs o Cold water & Vinegar to convert NH3 to NH4 o Correct acidosis w/ fluids & bicarb ```
44
Organophosphates & Carbamates Basics & Mech of Action
o Acetylycholinesterase inhibitors o Insecticides o Affects all animals ``` Mech of Action o Bind Acetylcholinesterase -> o Phosphorylate or carbamylate -> o inactivate o build up of acetylcholine leading to overstimulation -> o muscarinic, nicotinic, & CNS ```
45
Organophosphates & Carbamates Clinical Signs & Treatment
``` Clinical Signs o Not all symptoms all the time o DUMBSLED o Nicotinic = tremors o CNS excitation & seizures o Death due to respiratory failure o Pancreatitis in dogs/cats o Colic & Ds in horses ``` ``` Treatment o Decontaminate o Atropine for muscarinic signs o Oximes bind unbound pesticide o O2 ```
46
Organophosphates & Carbamates Diagnosis
Che inhibition screening tool • No inhibition for carbamates because too fast = false (-) • Inhibition due to anemia or others = false (+) Chemical residue of GI, skin, etc
47
Organophosphates & Carbamates: Delayed neuropathy syndrome Vs Intermediate Syndrome
Delayed neuropathy syndrome o Inhibition of neuro toxic esterase 
 o Signs 1-2 weeks after exposure 
 o Polyneuritis = ascending paralysis 
 Intermediate Syndrome o Lipophilic compounds 
 o Long term accumulation at receptor induces tolerance / down regulation of cholinergic receptors o Anorexia, neuromuscular weakness, ventro-flexion of the neck
48
Dead Birds
DRC-13 or Starlicide o nephrosis that kills at roosting site Avitrol o neurotoxin
49
Natural pyrethrins, pyrethrum & Synthetic pyrethroids Basics & Toxicity
o Insecticides, flea tick repellent o Dogs very sensitive to bifenthrin o Cats very sensitive to permethrin o Products w/ 65% or greater Toxicity o Low mammalian toxicity o Should not use on cats or dogs in a cat home o Spot on treatment can cause epidermal paresthesia -> inflammatory contact dermatitis (especially pyrethroids)
50
Natural pyrethrins, pyrethrum & Synthetic pyrethroids Clinical Signs & Diagnosis
``` Clinical Signs o CNS excitation o Salivation o Tremors, twitching o Temporary blindness o Convulsions ``` Diagnosis o history o Chemical residue analysis
51
Natural pyrethrins, pyrethrum & Synthetic pyrethroids Treatment
o Decontaminate by sedating, bathing w/ mild soap, AC-cathartic-gastric lavage w/ stomach tube o Control tremors/seizures w/ methocarbamol o Control body tmep o IV lipid rescue therapy for permethrin o Apply Vit E to application site o Prognosis good w/in 24-72 hrs bad in cats
52
Chlorinate Hydrocarbons Basics & Toxicity
o Insecticides o Limited use in US o Environmental contamination Toxicity o Affects most mammals o Lipid soluble, stable -> persists in environment & body o Diffuse nervous stimulant
53
Chlorinate Hydrocarbons Clin Signs, Diagnosis, Treatment
Clinical Signs o Onset 30-60 mins o Early premonition period o muscle tremors of head, neck, entire body o tonic/clonic seizures (continuous, intermittent) 
 o Excessive response to external stimuli 
 Diagnosis o History o Tremors/seizures o Chemical analysis of fat, serum, milk, liver, brain, GI contents ``` Treatment o Control tremors, seizures o Decontaminate o Maintain hydration, acid-base status, temperature, etc. o Prognosis variable ```
54
Cyanobacteria Basics & Clinical Signs
o Blooms all year round o Stagnant, low O2, high nutrients, high light, warm clam water ``` Clincal Signs o Acute onset o Muscle tremors 
 o DUMBSLED 
 o Seizures / paralysis 
 o Death due to respiratory paralysis ```
55
Cyanobacteria Toxins
Anatoxin-a • mimics acetylcholine (nicotinic) • 20X more potent than ACh Anatoxin-a(s) • inhibits acetylcholinesterase (nicotinic and muscarinic) • more potent than anatoxin-a
56
Cyanobacteria Diagnosis & Treatment
``` Diagnosis o History o Acetylcholinesterase inhibition in blood o Algae ID o Test water & GI for toxin ``` Treatment o Support o Adequate respiration o Cholestyramine
57
Perennial Ryegrass Staggers Basics & Toxicity
o Common in NW o endophyte grows on lower leaf sheath & seed of Lolium o Symbiotic o Late summer & fall grazing or anytime if over grazed Toxicity • Lolitrems • Purkinje cell problem • High morbidity / low mortality
58
Perennial Ryegrass Staggers Clinical Signs, Diagnosis, Control
``` Clinical Signs • Fine muscle tremors • rhythmic palsy of head, neck and limbs • exaggerated when forced to move or eyes covered • look almost normal when at rest ``` Diagnosis • History • Analyses of food for lolitrem Control • Remove source • Avoid overgrazing
59
Equine Leukoencephelomalacia Basics & Clinical Signs
``` o Moldy corn o Fumonisins o Problem in E & MW o Hepatotoxic to all species o Can cause esophageal cancer in humans ``` ``` Clinical Signs • Onset 1-4 wks • Low morbidity / high mortality • Blindness, head pressing, aimless walking, stupor, • glossopharyngeal paralysis • delirium, recumbency, seizures, death ```
60
Equine Leukoencephelomalacia Lesions & Diagnosis
Clin Lesions • Necrosis of subcortical white matter • Hepatic necrosis, fibrosis, biliary hyperplasia Diagnosis • Corn screening • Analyze food for fumonisin • No treatment
61
Nicotine Basics, Signs, Diagnosis, Treatment
o Cigarettes, chewing tobacoo, e-cig cartriges o Short T1/2 o Nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonist Clinical Signs • Initial Vs • Hyperactivity, tremors, seizures • Death due to respiratory paralysis Diagnosis • Nicotine residue Treatment • Decontamination • Control CNS excitation • O2
62
Ivermectin Basics, Toxicity
o Antiparasitic o Relatively safe o Cats & dogs w/ MDR1 mutations o Bad for turtles/tortoises Toxicity • Long T1/2 • Inhibits GABA & glutamate-gated chloride channels
63
Ivermectin Signs, Diagnosis, Treatment
``` Clinical Signs • Ataxia, depression, lethargy, weakness • Reversible blindness • Tremors, seizures • Coma & death (uncommon) • Can persist for days-weeks ``` Diagnosis • Chemical analysis of feces, fat, liver, bile (only shows exposure) ``` Treatment • Decontaminate • Multiple AC • Cholestyramine • NO benzos • Support • IV lipid therapy ```
64
Salt; Basics & Mech of Action
o Electrolyte supps, play dough, ice melts, etc o Not enough water or too much water after hypernatremia ``` Mech of Action • Fluid shifts from intracellular to intravascular -> • Cells shrink & die -> • Neuro signs -> • Passive diffusion of Na into CSF & neurons -> • Inhibition of glycolysis -> • More neuro signs -> • Rehydrate -> • Na trapped in CNS -> • Cerebral edema & hemorrhage ```
65
Salt; Signs, Diagnosis, Treatment
Clinical Signs • V, D, anorexia • Wandering, circling, head press, blind, tremors, seizures • Cerebral edema & malacia • eosinophilic perivascular cuffing lesions in pigs Diagnosis • Increased Na levels in serum & CSF ``` Treatment • Remove source • NO AC • SLOW rehydration • OR remove fluids if edema is an issue ```

Toxicology (6 decks)

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