Final Exam

Question 1

prosocial behaviour:

Answer 1

any behaviour with the goal of helping another person

Question 2

bystander effect:

Answer 2

individuals are less likely to receive help in an emergency the more people there are present compared to when there is just one person bc:

Question 3

diffusion of responsibility

Answer 3

when each individual assumes that other people present for the situation will take responsibility and help

Question 4

Five steps to helping in an emergency:

Answer 4

1. noticing that something is unusual
2. correctly interpreting the situation as an emergency
3. Deciding it is up to you to help (personal responsibility)
4. Deciding how to help
5. carrying out the help

Question 5

Barriers to step 2

Answer 5

the more ambiguous the situation, the more likely pluralistic ignorance is to occur
(each bystander thinks that no one is reacting bc it’s not an emergency but actually everyone is hesitant)

Question 6

barriers to step 3

Answer 6

diffusion of responsibility

leaving it to authority figures

Question 7

barriers to step 1

Answer 7

being in a hurry, busy, texting, distracted, drunk, etc

urban overload hypothesis: (ppl in big cities get used to blocking out all kinds of stimulus)

Question 8

barriers to step 4

Answer 8

lacking the competence to actually help or not feeling competent to help

Question 9

barriers to step 5

Answer 9

audience inhibition: failure to help in front of others for fear of looking foolish if the person doesn’t need/want help
+ fear of a negative outcome

Question 10

tips for getting help

Answer 10

identify one person in the crowd (eliminate diffusion of responsibility)

• label situation as emergency
• give specific instructions

Question 11

Other factors influencing helping

Answer 11

• physical attractiveness
  *similarity
  gender
  *feeling guilty
  *being in a good mood (but alters our perception + we don’t want to ruin it)
  *rural vs urban
  *feeling excluded
• feeling awe

Question 12

helpers tend to be

Answer 12

+ empathetic
+ in social responsibility (feelings that everyone should do what they can to help others)
- in geocentricism (not wrapped up own lives)
+ in internal locus of control, believe we can effect change + good

Question 13

models of prosocial behaviour

Answer 13

1. empathy-altruism hypothesis
2. negative state-relief hypothesis
3. empathic joy hypothesis
4. kin selection.
5. reciprocity
   (+ competitive, defensive)

Question 14

aggression:

Answer 14

any form of behaviour intended to harm another living being who does not want to be harmed

Question 15

3 main theories for aggression:

Answer 15

1. aggression is innate
2. aggression occurs in response to situational/external cues
3. learned behaviour by observing others

Question 16

3 explanations for relationship between media violence and aggression

Answer 16

social learning theory
normative
desensitization

Question 17

personality factors influencing aggression

Answer 17

narcissism, hostile attributional bias, type A personality pattern

Question 18

group?

Answer 18

a collection of people who perceive themselves to be bonded together or connected to one another

Question 19

common-bond groups vs common-identity groups

Answer 19

regular ftf interactions vs linked by category not through relationship to each other

Question 20

entitativity

Answer 20

extent to which a group is perceived as being coherent unit

Question 21

characteristics of group high in entativity

Answer 21

high interactions, group is important, common goals, perceive themselves as similar

Question 22

social facilitation

Answer 22

ppl perform better on a task in the presence of others than when alone

Question 23

BUT: social inhibition:

Answer 23

people perform work on some tasks than when they are alone eg learning nonsense syllables

Question 24

3 explanations for facilitation/inhibition

Answer 24

Drive theory (mere presence explanation)
Evaluation Apprehension Theory
Distraction conflict theory

Question 25

explain drive theory

Answer 25

even the mere presence increases arousal, increases likelihood of dominant response (helpful if easy/practiced, unhelpful if new/difficult see pool study)

Question 26

explain evaluation apprehension theory

Answer 26

ppl expect that if audience is present, they will evaluate us, this thought process increases our arousal
- found no diff between alone and blindfold condition, so not mere presence that explains this

Question 27

Distraction conflict theory

Answer 27

presence of other ppl is distracting, period. we have to divide our attention = conflict = inc arousal
we can handle this for practiced tasks but not new

Question 28

social loafing:

Answer 28

reduction in effort when people work collectively in a group compared to working alone

Question 29

free rider effect

Answer 29

contributing less when we think someone else will make up for it

Question 30

sucker effect

Answer 30

contributing less when we think others are not putting in their fair share

Question 31

deindividuation

Answer 31

a reduced sense of individual identity + diminished self-regulation in a group setting

Question 32

Some factors contributing to deindividuation

Answer 32

energizing effect of others, stimulus overload, diffusion of responsibility, anonymity

Question 33

THM about

Answer 33

when anonymous, we become less self-aware, more open to cues in the enviro which can prompt positive or negative behaviour

Question 34

group polarization

Answer 34

tendency for group decisions to be more extreme than those made by individuals

Question 35

groupthink:

Answer 35

decision making style characterized by excessive tendency to seek cohesion over and above best decision

Question 36

some groupthink antecedents

Answer 36

highly cohesive group, isolation from outside influences, strong directive leader

Question 37

symptoms

Answer 37

illusion of invulnerability, illusion of morality, stereotyped view of enemy, self-censorship, pressure on dissenters to conform = illusion of unanimity

Question 38

mind guards

Answer 38

person whose role it is to protect leader from criticism or doubts

Question 39

protection against groupthink

Answer 39

outside experts, have leader remain impartial, hold second meeting, appoint devil’s advocate, encourage objections