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Psychology Part 2 > Final Exam > Flashcards

Final Exam Flashcards

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1
Q

Personality

A

An individuals unique and relatively consistent pattern of thinking, feeling and behaving

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2
Q

Personality theory

A

Describes and explains how people are similar, how they are different, and why every individual is unique

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3
Q

Major theoretical perspectives on personality

A

Psychoanalytic perspective

Trait perspective

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4
Q

Freud’s psychoanalysis stresses the importance of _____

A

Unconscious forces, sexual and aggressive instincts and early childhood experiences

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5
Q

Psychoanalysis is both an approach to ____ and a ______

A

Therapy
Theory of personality
-emphasizes unconscious motivation, the main causes of behaviour lie buried in the unconscious mind
-saw personality and behaviour as the result of a constant interplay among conflicting psychological forces

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6
Q

Psychological forces operate at 3 different levels of awareness:

A

Conscious: information in your immediate awareness (EGO)

Preconscious: information that can easily be made conscious (superego)

Unconscious: thoughts, feelings, urges and wishes that are difficult to bring to conscious awareness (Id)

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7
Q

Ego
Superego
Id

A

Rational, planful, mediating dimension of personality

  • understands logic and reality
  • most in touch with demands of world
  • reality principle where you are able to postpone gratifications in accordance with demands of the world

Moralistic, judgemental, perfectionist dimension of personality

  • formed through internalization of parental and societal rules
  • at age 5-6 child develops an internal, parental voice that is partly conscious.

Irrational, illogical, impulsive dimension of personality.

  • instinctive drives present at birth
  • operates on pleasure principle where you obtain pleasure and avoid tension
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8
Q

Freuds psychosexual stages

A

Age-related development periods in which the child’s sexual urges are focussed on different areas of the body and are expressed by activities associated with those areas.
-oral, anal, phallic, latency, genital

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9
Q

Ages, stages and explanation of Freuds psychosexual model

A

Birth to 1-Oral: feeding and putting objects in mouth

1-3-anal: developing control over elimination via toilet training

3-6-phallic: genitals are focus of pleasurable sensations through sexual curiosity, masturbation and sexual attraction to opposite sexual parent

7-11-latency: sexual impulses repressed with same-sex friendships with peers and focus is school and activities

Adolescence-genital: primary focus of pleasurable sensations which a person seeks to satisfy in heterosexual relationships

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10
Q

According to Freud what happens if someone gets fixated on 1 psychosexual stage

A

Profoundly affects personality

  • if fixated on oral, develop smoking habits
  • if anal, anal-retentive personalities (OCD)
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11
Q

Strengths and weaknesses of Freuds Psychosexual model

A
  • unconscious nature of mental life
  • critical influence of early experiences
  • differences in ability to regulate impulses, emotions and thoughts
  • inadequacy of evidence
  • problems with testability
  • sexist
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12
Q

Trait perspective of personality

A

Focuses on identifying, describing and measuring individual differences

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13
Q

Trait

A

Relatively stable, enduring predisposition to behave in a certain way

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14
Q

Surface traits

Source traits

A

Characteristics or attributes that can be inferred from observable behaviour. Over 4000 English words to describe personality

Most fundamental dimensions of personality. Basic traits that are hypothesized to be universal and relatively few in number.

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15
Q

Raymond cattell trait theory

A
  • proposed 16 personality factor
  • used statistical technique to identify them
  • developed the 16 personality factor questionnaire
  • sixteen is generally considered by others as too many traits

Ex: reserved, unsocialable or outgoing and social

Affected by feelings or emotionally stable

Practical or imaginative

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16
Q

Hans Eysenck trait theory

A
  • proposed similar model of universal source traits with 3 different source traits: introversion or extra version, neuroticism or emotional stability, psychoticism
  • believed that individual differences in personality are due to biological differences making people
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17
Q

Eysencks Personality chart

A 
Poles are
N=Emotionally unstable (neurotic)
S=Emotionally Stable 
E=Extraverted 
W=Introverted

NE=Extraverted-Neurotic: touchy, excitable, aggressive, optimistic

SE=Extraverted-stable: leadership, sociable, responsive, easygoing

SW=Introverted-stable: passive, Peacful, reliable

NW=Introverted-Neurotic: Moody, reserved, anxious, unsociable

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18
Q

McCrae and Costa: Five factor model

A
  • essential building blocks of personality can be described in terms of 5 basic personality dimensions
  • tested in 50 cultures
  • traits seem stable over lifespan
  • seem consistent over different situations and related to specific brain activity and structures

5 blocks are:

  • openness and experience: routine or variety
  • conscientiousness: lazy or hardworking
  • extra version: quiet or talkative
  • agreeableness: trusting or suspicious
  • neuroticism: calm or worrying
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19
Q

Brain imaging and extroversion/ neuroticism

A

People who are high in extroversion shower higher levels of brain activation in response to positive images

People who score high in neuroticism show more activation in response to negative images

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20
Q

Strengths and limitations of five-factor personality model

A

-psychologists generally agree that people can be described and compared in terms of basic personality

  • human personality not really explained
  • no explanation of how or why we have individual differences
  • failure to address other important personality issues
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21
Q

2 types of personality tests

A

Projective tests: involves a persons interpretation of an ambiguous image. Used to assess unconscious motives, conflicts, psychological defended and personality traits. Ex: Rorschach Inkblot Test

Self-report inventories

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22
Q

Thematic apperception test (TAT)

A

A projective personality test, developed by Henry Murray and colleagues, that involves creating stories about ambiguous scenes.
-person thought to project their own motives, conflicts and personality characteristics into the story they create.

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23
Q

Strengths and weaknesses of projective tests

A
  • provision of qualitative information about individuals psychological functioning
  • information can facilitate psychotherapy
  • influence of testing situation or examiners behaviour
  • highly subjective
  • failure to produce consistent results
  • poor at predicting future behaviour
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24
Q

Self-report inventory examples

A

Minnesota Multiphasic Personalitiy Inventory (MMPI): used to assess both normal and disturbed populations to assess personality and psychological disorders

California Psychological Inventory (CPI): assess personality in normal populations

Sixteen Personality Factor Questionnaire

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25
Q

What are the challenges of defining culture

A
  • culture boundaries are not distinct and often unclear
  • cultures are dynamic and change over time
  • many variations within cultures and between cultures
  • individual differences>cultural differences
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26
Q

General psychology Vs cultural psychology

A

General:
-focuses on universals

Cultural:

  • Studies between and within cultural variation
  • focus on replication and generalization
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27
Q

The neglected 95%: why American psychology needs to become less American facts

A
  • 68% of psychology participants are Americans
  • 96% of psychology participants are from western, industrialized countries
  • 70% of participants are psychology undergraduates
  • most research from WEIRD societies (wealthy, educated, industrialized, rich and democratic)
  • but weird countries only make up 16% of the worlds population
  • APA focuses on Americans who only make up 5% of global population
  • most people don’t live in American conditions
  • ethnicity of samples unreported in 7-24%
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28
Q

Cultural variation in terms of emotions based on language

A
  • English has over 2000 words, while chewong of Malaysia have 8
  • emotion words from one language do not always map onto basic emotions of other languages
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29
Q

Cultural differences with attention to Center figure with people behind mad or happy

A

Americans focused more on Center figure

Japanese focus more on center figure as a function of time and culture (took in context of peoples behind more)

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30
Q

Absolute and relative task cultural differences

A

Absolute: draw a line that is as close to length in first box
Relative: draw a line that is 1/3 height of first box

  • absolute tasks easier for Americans
  • relative task easier for East Asians
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31
Q

Degrees of universality

A

Non universal (cultural invention)

  • cognitive tool not found in all cultures
  • example: abacus

Existential universal (variation in function)

  • cognitive tool found in all/ most/ some cultures that serve different functions in different cultures
  • example: increased persistence in the face of failure

Functional universal (variation in accessibility)

  • cognitive tool in all cultures that serves the same function but is used to different degrees
  • example: individualism and collectivism

Accessibility universal (no variation)

  • found in all cultures that serves the same functions and is accessible to the same degree
  • example: social facilitation
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32
Q

One big source of differences in socialization comes from ________

A

Socialization with parents

  • mothers from some cultures spend more time face to face with their children (German)
  • some more time with bodily contact (NSO)
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33
Q

Authoritative and authoritarian

A

Child-centred approach, high expectations of children’s autonomy, maintains limits and controls
-better yields in terms of perceived parental warmth

High demands on children, restrict rules and little open dialogue between parent and child

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34
Q

Consequences of authoritarian style in non-western countries

A
  • better educational outcomes
  • imposed grades
  • increased psychological maladjustment behaviours (low self esteem, emotional instability)
  • less happy with strong controlling parenting
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35
Q

Stevenson and stigler proposed explanations of why East Asian schools were more similar in grades and better than American schools

A

Teaching methods
-more time and homework

Value of education from parents and children

  • home environment usually has desk in Asian homes but not as much American
  • plans of future in 70% of Chinese children and 10% American

Expectations that mothers have for their children

Numbering system

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36
Q

Understanding psychological disorders includes considerations of their ______

A

Origins, symptoms, and development, as well as how behaviour related to cultural and social norms

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37
Q

Psychological disorder/mental disorder/ abnormality patterns of behaviour

A
  • deviation from the average
  • deviation from the ideal
  • sense of personal discomfort
  • inability to function effectively
  • legal concept
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38
Q

What is a psychological disorder perspectives

A

Medical-hormonal imbalance, brain injury

Psychoanalytic- childhood conflicts

Behavioural- unable to learn

Cognitive- thought and belief

Humanistic- responsibility people have

Sociocultural- poverty, norm

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39
Q

Dividing line between normal and abnormal behaviour is often determined by ____ or ____ context

A

Social
Cultural

  • strong social stigma attached to suffering from a psychological disorder
  • pattern of behavioural or psychological symptoms must represent a serious departure from the prevailing social and cultural norms
  • standard descriptions of disorders from the DSM-5 must be used
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40
Q

DSM-5

A

Diagnostic and Statistical Manuel of Mental Disorders, 5th Edition; published by the American psychiatric association

  • describes the specific symptoms and diagnostic guidelines for different psychological disorders
  • includes symptoms, criteria that must be met to make a diagnosis, and typical course for each mental disorder
  • has increased in number of disorders classified over the years
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41
Q

Categories of disorders in DSM-5

A
  • Anxiety
  • somatic symptom and related disorders (Illness anxiety disorder)
  • dissociative (multiple personality)
  • mood (Depression, bipolar)
  • Schizophrenia spectrum and other psychotic disorders (delusional disorder)
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42
Q

Benefits of DSM-5

A
  • provides a descriptive system
  • allows communication between mental health and professionals
  • enables researchers to explore the causes
  • provides shorthand through which professionals can describe the behaviours that tend to occur together in an individual
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43
Q

Short-comings of DSM-5

A

David Rodenhans classic study

  • sought admission to mental hospital based on statement that they were hearing voices
  • pseudo-patients acted normal after that and the hospitals still diagnosed them as severely abnormal
  • most “patients” were labelled as schizophrenic-in remission
  • no on identified any of the pseudo patients as imposters
  • after initial diagnosis, mental health professionals overlook other diagnostic possibilities
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44
Q

ICD

A

International Classification of Diseases

  • world health organizations diagnostic classification
  • diagnostic codes required for insurance reimbursements
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45
Q

Should social media help diagnose disorders?

A
  • differences were found in Instagram photos posted by depressed and non depressed people
  • good searches (how to kill self) are higher in suicidal people
  • information about online behaviour should be harnessed
  • confidentiality of information
  • ethical guidelines should be developed
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46
Q

Psychological disorders are much more prevalent than many believe. Approximately ______ of a representative of 9000 Americans experiences symptoms of a psychological disorder during the previous year

A

26%

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47
Q

Anxiety disorders

A

Intense anxiety that disrupts normal functioning is an essential feature of the anxiety disorders, PTSD, and obsessive-compulsive disorder

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48
Q

Anxiety

Anxiety disorders

A

Unpleasant emotional state characterized by physical arousal and feelings of tension, apprehension and worry
-physically alert; mentally alert

Category of psychological disorders in which extreme anxiety is the main diagnostic feature and causes significant disruptions in the persons cognitive, behavioural or interpersonal functions
-irrational, uncontrollable, disruptive

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49
Q

Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD)

A

An anxiety disorder characterized by excessive, global, and persistent symptoms of anxiety; also called free-floating anxiety
-when one source of worry is removed, another takes it’s place

Caused by:

  • environmental, psychological, genetic, and other biological factors
  • problematic anxiety can be evident from early age
  • early stressful experiences may contribute
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50
Q

Panic attack

Panic disorder

A

Sudden episode of extreme anxiety that rapidly accelerated in intensity

Anxiety disorder in which person experienced frequent and unexpected panic attacks

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51
Q

Triple vulnerabilities model of panic

A
  • biological predisposition toward anxiety
  • low sense of control over potentially life threatening events
  • over sensitivity to physical sensations
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52
Q

Catastrophic cognitions theory

A

Over sensitive to physical sensations and all tend to catastrophize meaning of their experience

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53
Q

Phobia

A

Persistent and irrational fear of a specific object, situation or activity

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54
Q

Specific phobia

A

Excessive, intense and irrational fear of a specific object, situation, or activity that is actively avoided or endured with marked anxiety

  • encountering fear can provoke a full panic attack
  • 13% of general population has this
  • 2x more women than men
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55
Q

Generally the objects or situations that produce specific phobias tend to fall into 4 categories:

A
  • fear of particular situations
  • fear of features of the natural environment
  • fear of injury or blood
  • fear of animals and insects
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56
Q

Social anxiety disorder

A

Anxiety disorder involving the extreme and irrational fear of being embarrassed, judged, or scrutinized by others in social situations

  • one of the most common psychological disorders
  • more prevalent in women
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57
Q

Explaining phobias

  • basic learning principles
  • biological preparation
A

Some phobias can be explained in terms of classical conditioning, operant conditioning and observational learning

Certain fears, such as spiders or heights have evolutionary history and may represent a fear of contamination

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58
Q

Extreme anxiety and intrusive thoughts are symptoms of both

A

PTSD and OCD

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59
Q

PTSD

A

Post traumatic stress disorder

  • caused by exposure to a highly traumatic event
  • results in recurrent, involuntary and intrusive memories
  • avoidance of stimuli and situations associated with event
  • negative changes in thoughts, moods and emotions
  • persistent state of heighten physical arousal
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60
Q

OCD

A

Obsessive Compulsive Disorder

  • presence of intrusive, repetitive, and unwanted thoughts (obsessions)
  • fear of dirt, germs, doubt of completing task

repetitive behaviours or mental acts that an individual feels driven to perform to reduce anxiety (compulsions)
-may be overt or covert

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61
Q

Examples of obsessions and compulsions

A
  • contamination
  • pathological doubt
  • violent or sexual thoughts
  • washing
  • checking
  • counting
  • symmetry and precision
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62
Q

Causes of OCD

A
  • deficiency in serotonin, norepinephrine
  • dysfunction in specific bran areas involved in fight or flight response, frontal lobes for thinking and planning, and heighten neural activity in caudate nucleus involved in regulating movements
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63
Q

Disorders involving intense anxiety

A 
Generalized anxiety disorder
Panic disorder 
Phobias 
PTSD
OCD
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64
Q

Both depressive and bipolar disorders are sometimes called _____ or ____

A

Mood disorders

Affective disorders

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65
Q

Major Depressive Disorder

A
  • a mood disorder that is characterized by extreme and persistent feelings of despondency, worthlessness and hopelessness
  • causes impaired emotional, cognitive, behavioural and physical functioning
  • loss of interest or pleasure in activities
  • difficulty sleeping or excessive sleeping
  • diminished appetite and eight loss
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66
Q

Prevalence of major depressive disorder

A

6-7% of Americans
15% of Americans at some point in life
Women 2x more likely (experience more chronic stress, have lesser sense of personal control, more prone to dwell on issues)

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67
Q

More than half of all people who have been through one episode of major depression can expect to

A

Relapse, usually within 2 years

  • symptoms tend to increase in severity and time between episodes decreases
  • left untreated, major depression can daily last 6 months or longer
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68
Q

Bipolar disorder

Manic episode

A

A sudden, rapidly escalating emotional state characterized by extreme euphoria, excitement, physical energy and rapid thoughts and speech

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69
Q

Bipolar disorder

A

A mood disorder invoking periods of incapacitating depression alternating with periods of extreme up hours and excitement; formerly called manic depression

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70
Q

Symptoms of Biploar

A
  • person experiences extreme mood swings
  • episodes of incapacitating depression and shorter euphoria (manic episodes)
  • small percentage only experience manic episodes
  • involves abnormal moods at both ends of emotional spectrum
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71
Q

Prevalence of Bipolar

A
  • typically occurs in early 20’s and lasts from a few days to a couple of mouths
  • commonly recurs every few years; small percentage display rapid cycling
  • 1% lifetime risk
  • no gender differences in prevalence
  • can often be controlled by medication (lithium)
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72
Q

Causes of Bipolar

A
  • genetic predisposition
  • activation of brain structure differences
  • brain chemistry
  • stress
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73
Q

Lasser found that people with mental illness are ____ as likely to smoke

A

2x

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74
Q

Cyclothymic disorder

A

Moderate, reoccurring mood swings that are not severe enough to qualify as major depressive disorder or bipolar

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75
Q

SAD

A

Seasonal affective disorder

-reoccurring episodes of depression following a seasonal pattern. More in winter and fall

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76
Q

Persistent depressive disorder

A

Chronic depressed feelings that are often less severe than those that accompany major depressive disorder

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77
Q

Culture plays a role in the ______ and _____ of psychological disorders, even universal ones

A

Triggers

Manifestation

78
Q

Culture-Bound syndrome

A

A group of psychological symptoms that are greatly influenced by cultural factors and occur far less often or is manifested very differently in other cultures
Ex: Hikikomori in Japan

79
Q

Hikikomori

A

“Pull inward” or engage in social withdrawal; characterized by voluntary absence of social interaction except for family members for at least 6 months

  • social cultural factors may contribute, including strong social pressures and eroded career opportunities
  • estimated that 1% of Japanese suffer from this condition
  • does not conform to DSM-5 criteria
80
Q

Dhat syndrome

A

Characterized by young men’s belief that they are leaking semen, which causes extreme anxiety because they consider it a source of vitality
-being susceptible to dhat required relevant belief that relate semen, sexual activity, morality and health

(South Asian cultures)

81
Q

Koro

A

Head of a turtle; manifests in men as morbid anxiety that their penis is shrinking into their body

  • primarily in south and East Asia
  • unclear what aspects of culture have led to this
  • koro-like symptoms found in West Africa, as well as in individuals in American culture who have negative marijuana-induced experiences
82
Q

Frigophobia

A

Morbid fear of catching cold (China)

-wearing several layers even in summer

83
Q

Susto

A

Feeling the soul has been dislodged from the body which can lead to a range of symptoms (Latin America)

84
Q

Voodoo death

A

Being convinced that one is the victim of a curse or has violated a taboo (Africa)
-results in severe fear reaction, which may lead to death

85
Q

Depression in European American vs Asian Americans

A

Europe: decrease emotional response

Asian: exaggerated emotional response

86
Q

Cultural variability in types of manifestation of symptoms

  • somatization
  • Psychologization
A

Experiencing symptoms primarily physically

Experiencing symptoms primarily psychologically

87
Q

Neurasthenic in China

A

Syndrome of more than 50 symptoms including fatigue, poor appetite, headaches, insomnia, beak weakness, hysteria, inability to concentrate

  • dropped by DSM-5 because symptoms were considered less important than underlying illness
  • some argued syndrome was depression, even though only 9% reported depressed mood as a key symptom
88
Q

Treatment of psychological disorders varies across cultures

A

-psychotherapy in the west requires seeking professional help, exploring and disclosing private feelings with a stranger

89
Q

Two models of healing that emerged outside of the west:

A

Family

  • most important in resolving mental health problems
  • shared problems and stigma among family members, who were key source of guidance, especially elder members

Spiritualism and religion
-mental illness perceived as rooted in an underlying spiritual problem

90
Q

Oedipus complex

A

According to Freud, a boys sexual desire toward his mother and dealing of jealousy towards father

91
Q

Defence mechanism

A

In psychoanalytic theory, the egos protective methods of reducing anxiety by unconsciously distorting reality

92
Q

Repression

A

In psychoanalytic theory, the basic defends mechanism that banished from consciousness anxiety-a rousing thoughts

93
Q

Personality inventories

A

A questionnaire (often with true-false or agree-disagree) on which people respond to items designed to gauge a wide range of feelings and behaviours; used to assess selected personality traits

94
Q

Psychological disorder

A

A syndrome marked by clinically significant disturbance in an individuals cognitions, emotion regulation, or behaviour

95
Q

The famous bobo doll study demonstrated that

A

Children are less likely to imitate the actions of someone who has been punished for their actions than the actions of someone who has been rewarded

96
Q

Jamie found the ISBN of the book she wanted to order. To remember the eleven digit number she thought of the number as the year her best friend was born, and her aunts phone number. This strategy is called…

A

Chunking

97
Q

Your dog jumps up on a visitor and you smack him with a rolled up newspaper. Next time, your dog doesn’t jump on them. This is an example of

A

Positive punishment

98
Q

The lost-in-the-mall technique involves

A

Using family members of the participant to help induce a false memory for an event that never occurred, such as being lost in a shopping mall as a kid

99
Q

According to Banduras model of observational learning, what characteristics of television depictions of violent behaviour makes the violent behaviour more likely to occur?

A

Violent behaviour is performed by the hero or another attractive, high stays individual

100
Q

Information is stored in short-term memory for about

A

20 seconds

101
Q

Which stage of memory enables us to perceived the world around us as continuous, rather than as a series of disconnected visual images or disjointed sounds?

A

Sensory memory

102
Q

The prefrontal cortex role in memory

A

Plays important role in working me melty

103
Q

Multiple choice test is a good example of using _____ to test long-term memory

A

Recognition

104
Q

Sperlings classical experiment in which he briefly flashed 3 rows of letter on a screen immediately followed by a tone demonstrate that

A

Visual sensory memory holds a great deal of information for about 1/2 a second

105
Q

After living in Canada for many years, Shu Fang returned to visit Seoul. As she walked through town, her memory was flooded with memories of childhood. The environmental cues that helped trigger the memories illustrates

A

Context effect

106
Q

Tip of the tongue experience is a common example of

A

Retrieval failure

107
Q

Which of the following is not a main factor in Ronal Cottons case in the video we watched in class

  • reinforcement
  • imaginary inflation
  • misleading questions
  • composing the line up
A

Imaginary inflation

108
Q

By practicing a music piece starting at different places, you work to counteract which memory tendency

A

Serial position effect

109
Q

When asked for the definition of a depend variable, Mohammad replied that it’s a factor in an experiment that is observed and measured for change. This is an example of which category of long term memory

A

Semantic memory

110
Q

You normally drive down the same route, but it is blocked. You immediately take a different route. What have you done?

A

Formed a cognitive map of the area

111
Q

You find out there will be 10 pop quizzes over the semester, so students are strongly encouraged to keep up with their reading and attend every class. This is a ______ schedule of reinforcement

A

Variable-interval

112
Q

Not every researcher accepts that short term memory is limited to exactly 7 plus or minus 2. Research actually suggests the true magic number to be

A

4 plus or minus 1

113
Q

Numerous studies have been conducted looking at the factors involved in criminal convictions in which the convicted person ultimately turned out to be innocent. Those studies have shown that the leading cause of wrongful conviction is

A

Eyewitness misidentification

114
Q

To keep from getting mosquito bites when mowing the lawn, Kevin always sprays himself with insect repellent before mowing the law. This is an example of

A

Negative reinforcement….

115
Q

Using schemas you already have stored in long-term memory allows you to

A

Quickly integrate new experiences into your knowledge base

116
Q

Brandon vivid sky remembers when he has to go to the emergency department for stitches on his left thigh. This is an example of what type of long term memory

A

Episodic

117
Q

If you clean your room, you can have a donut. This uses a ______ to reward desired behaviour

A

Primary reinforcer

118
Q

In a study participants are told alto say the first word that comes to mind after “day”, and “woods” and they say “night” and “trees”. This supports the idea that the participants were using

A

Semantic network model

119
Q

If you touch something hot, you will reflexively withdraw your hand. The withdrawing of your hand is a ____ response

A

Unconditioned

120
Q

In a study where participants were asked to judge how fast vehicles were going, which participants gave the fastest speeds

A

Subjects asked “how fast were the cards going when they smashed into each other”

121
Q

Rats are allowed to wander through a maze for several days with no food reward. On 10th day a good reward is placed at the end of the maze. What would provide evidence of latent learning

A

Rats improve very little in how quickly they reach the end of the maze for the first 10 days but dramatically improve on day 11

122
Q

The early school approach “behaviouralism” emphasized the scientific study of

A

Observable behaviours rather than mental processes

123
Q

Advertising technique based on classical conditioning principles

A

Sexy model using a certain brand

124
Q

Dog conditioned to salivate at sight of triangle, the triangle alone was presented to dog every 3 minutes. Over time dog stops salivating. The next morning what happened?

A

Spontaneous recovery likely occurred, and the dog salivated to the triangle

125
Q

Henry molaison was not able to form new episodic or semantic memories which reflects the _____, but he could form new procedural memories, which reflect the _____

A

Explicit memory system

Implicit memory system

126
Q

What happened after little Albert was classically conditioned to fear a tame white rat

A

Stimulus generalization, Albert responded with fear to other fuzzy animals and objects

127
Q

Being paid $5 for every 20 calls made regardless of what call does is an example what what type of reinforcement schedule

A

Fixed-ratio

128
Q

Instead of memorizing random terms, you focus on the meaning of information and generate examples from own experience. This is _____

A

Elaborate rehearsal

129
Q

If you shine a bright light into an eye, the pupil will reflexively constrict. The bright light is the _____ and the pupils constricting is the ____

A

UCS UCR

130
Q

The ebbinghaus forgetting curve shows that

A

Much of what we learn is forgotten very quickly

131
Q

You have a mean sub who scolded you and made you cry. You see them at store, and suddenly cry. This is an example of

A

A conditioned response

132
Q

Psychologists gave questionnaires about how people learned about 9/11. Over next year, students were periodically asked to again describe their memory. The research was designed to

A

Investigate whether flashbulb memories are more likely than ordinary memories to be accurate and consistent over time

133
Q

Pavlov found that a conditioned response would be stronger if

A

The interval between the CS and the UCS was no more than a few seconds

134
Q

Jonathon is very bright. He is 10, with a mental age of 12. If tested on a Stanford-Binet intelligence scale, his IQ would be

A

120

135
Q

Which if sternbergs types of intelligences could be referred to as “street smarts”

A

Practical

136
Q

During WW1, the Us developed the _____ to screen million of recruits

A

Army alpha and army beta tests

137
Q

Scores on tests often follow a pattern in which most scores are in average range, with fewer to the extremes. Which pattern of distribution is this?

A

Normal curve

138
Q

Who developed the first systemic intelligence test

A

Alfred Binet

139
Q

Binets intelligence test was adapted by Lewis terman and then called the

A

Standford-Binet intelligence scale

140
Q

Dr Lopez assess the correlation between scores obtained on two halves of his new test measuring the ability to cope with stress. The two halves contain similar questions. Dr Lopez is checking the _____ of the test

A

Reliability

141
Q

Approximately 2/3 or 68% of all scores of the WAIS fall between _____ and _____, considered the normal intelligent

A

85;115

142
Q

Howard grandees view of intelligence

A

There are multiple independent intelligences and each must be defined within the context of a particular culture

143
Q

Research on the relationship between daily hassles and psychological distress and physical symptoms has shown that the

A

Number of daily hassles people experience is a better predictor of psychological distress and physical illness than the number of major life events experienced

144
Q

Mia almost had a car accident, the experience caused her to have a fight or flight reaction. Now that the threat has been removed, how long will it take for her high level of bodily arousal to subside

A

20-60 min

145
Q

Is it possible to develop a culture free intelligence test

A

No, intelligence is not culture free

146
Q

During exam, heart beats fast and palms are sweaty. If you think about it, the heart pounding and sweaty palms are caused by anxiety. This illustrates the ___theory of emotion

A

Two-factor

147
Q

What is a sentence consistent with a 2 year olds language development

A

Daddy go

148
Q

Milligrams experiment repeated on females will result in

A

Same results from male study

149
Q

Facial feedback hypothesis suggests that

A

Expressing a specific emotion, especially facially, influences the subjective experience of that particular emotion

150
Q

Two people both lose jobs, one is mildly disturbed and believes they will soon gets another job. Other is distraught and believes they might have to quit college. The different reactions to same stressor emphasize the importance of

A

Cognitive appraisal of an event

151
Q

Milgram found that the subjects were least likely to deliver a high level of shock when

A

Teachers were free to chose the level of shock

152
Q

People with damaged amygdala, lose the ability to

A

Distinguish friendly and threatening faces

153
Q

Contemporary emotion researchers tend to agree that

A

Emotions can be triggered in multiple ways

154
Q

Milgram described his experiment to psychiatrists, college students and middle class adults. The results showed that these people were

A

all wrong

155
Q

People given adrenaline and asked what emotion they felt. But none felt any emotion. This conflicts with ____ theory of emotion

A

James-Lange

156
Q

Relationship between stress and the susceptibility to the common cold

A

Level of stress that the volunteers reported was very strongly related to their susceptibility to the common cold

157
Q

Heritability estimates of about 50% for intelligence suggests that

A

The difference in IQ scores, within a specific group of people is due partly to differences in their genetic makeup

158
Q

Lisa and her husband John have both had very stressful dYs at work. Who is more likely to withdraw from contact with other family members

A

John

159
Q

Wife had stroke and is paralyzed, husband takes care of her. After 4 months husband is used to routine and able to cope. He is now in the ___stage of the general adaptation syndrome, but if the situation gets worse, and continues for a prolonged period of time, he may enter the ____ stage

A

Resistance

Exhaustion

160
Q

Marin decided to write a paper on animal language. He concludes that

A

There is compelling demonstrations of animal communication and cognition

161
Q

What is false regarding the determination of intelligence

A

Twin studies clearly indicate that heredity is much more important than the environment in determining intelligence

162
Q

Contemporary evolutionary psychologists tend to view emotions as

A

Product of evolution, helping people adapt to challenges in their environment.

163
Q

A baby coos and vocalizes “ahhh” and “ohhh”. Baby is probably ____ months old

A

3

164
Q

On the WAIS, the _____ score represents subtest scores on verbal tasks; the ______ score represents subtest scores in nonverbal tasks.

A

Verbal

Performance

165
Q

Identical twins raised in different homes, but have similar IQ. Provides support primarily for the influence of the _____ on IQ

A

Genes

166
Q

Which neural pathway Carrie’s crude information about a threatening stimulus and activates a rapid instinctual alarm response

A

Thalamus-amygdala

167
Q

New immigrant asks if they should seek positive relations with new dominant society and if their cultural identity is of value to me. They answer yes to both. They chose

A

Integration

168
Q

What is likely to be among a child’s first words

A

Daddy

169
Q

Nadine normally dresses casually and hates worrying about clothes. However, for job interview she decided to wear a good tailored suit. This behaviour best illustrated the important of

A

Normative social influence

170
Q

People under chronic stress tend to have ____telomeres

A

Shortened

171
Q

In the phenomenon “____”, awareness of positive expectations can actually improve performance

A

Stereotype lift

172
Q

Animal communication research has shown that

A

Chimpanzees like Kanzi appear to be able to learn symbols and comprehend spoken English

173
Q

The basic emotions are

A

Sadness, happiness, disgust, fear, surprise and anger

174
Q

When Angie asks 1 year old to get a diaper, she does even though she can not say diaper. The 1 year old _____ is larger than her _____

A

Comprehension vocabulary

Production vocabulary

175
Q

Bilingual individuals are better able to

A

Control attention and Inhibit distracting information

176
Q

Dr Gordon used the biopsychosocial model to guide her research into how psychological factors influence health, illness and treatment. This doctor is must likely a

A

Health psychologist

177
Q

Kitty was murdered outside her NYC apartment. This led to research on

A

Altruisms and Prosocial behaviour

178
Q

Cross cultural research investigates conformity in both collectivist and individualistic cultures, you are generally likely to find that

A

Conformity tends to be higher in collectivist cultures compared to individualistic cultures

179
Q

Walking home after watching scary movie and you hear noise. Heart races and blood pressure increases. This is the ____ component of emotion due to the activation of the _____

A

Physiological

Sympathetic nervous system

180
Q

Nikki experiences prolonged and chronic stress. According to Hans Selye’s model of stress, Nikki’s response to this intense and persistent stress probably involves high levels of

A

Corticosteroids

181
Q

Why can’t heritability estimated be used to explain differences in intelligence between different groups

A

Heritability estimates can be applied only to differences within a particular group, because environmental conditions vary for different groups

182
Q

When we want to be correct but are uncertain of our own judgment and look for the groups source of information. This is referred to as

A

Informational social influence

183
Q

One physiological difference in the body’s response to chronic stress, as compared to acute stress is the activation of the

A

Pituitary gland and adrenal cortex

184
Q

Dr. YAMOMOTO is very careful to hide their true feelings and control facial expressions in presence of senior administrators. This illustrates

A

Display rules of her culture

185
Q

Resisting the direct orders of an authority figure is more likely when

A

Two or more people resist

186
Q

In a replication of _____ classic experiment investigating _____, manjit joined a group of 6 others who were asked to state which line matched the length of one line

A

Solomon Asches

Conformity

187
Q

When you return home you notice it was robbed. You worry the robber is still here. Your sympathetic nervous system has been stimulated and adrenal medulla secretes

A

Catecolomines

188
Q

Being bilingual may protect against

A

Cognitive decline

189
Q

The phenomenon in which the greater number of people present means the less likely each individual is to help someone in distress is called

A

The bystander effect

190
Q

The Stanford prison experiment involved

A

Standford university students playing roles of prisoners s

and guards in a simulated jail

191
Q

When a test was described as measuring “problem solving skills”, African American students did just as well as white students. However, when told the test measured “intelligence”, African Americans scored lower. This illustrates

A

Stereotype threat

Psychology Part 2 (3 decks)

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