Final Exam Flashcards
Personality
An individuals unique and relatively consistent pattern of thinking, feeling and behaving
Personality theory
Describes and explains how people are similar, how they are different, and why every individual is unique
Major theoretical perspectives on personality
Psychoanalytic perspective
Trait perspective
Freud’s psychoanalysis stresses the importance of _____
Unconscious forces, sexual and aggressive instincts and early childhood experiences
Psychoanalysis is both an approach to ____ and a ______
Therapy
Theory of personality
-emphasizes unconscious motivation, the main causes of behaviour lie buried in the unconscious mind
-saw personality and behaviour as the result of a constant interplay among conflicting psychological forces
Psychological forces operate at 3 different levels of awareness:
Conscious: information in your immediate awareness (EGO)
Preconscious: information that can easily be made conscious (superego)
Unconscious: thoughts, feelings, urges and wishes that are difficult to bring to conscious awareness (Id)
Ego
Superego
Id
Rational, planful, mediating dimension of personality
- understands logic and reality
- most in touch with demands of world
- reality principle where you are able to postpone gratifications in accordance with demands of the world
Moralistic, judgemental, perfectionist dimension of personality
- formed through internalization of parental and societal rules
- at age 5-6 child develops an internal, parental voice that is partly conscious.
Irrational, illogical, impulsive dimension of personality.
- instinctive drives present at birth
- operates on pleasure principle where you obtain pleasure and avoid tension
Freuds psychosexual stages
Age-related development periods in which the child’s sexual urges are focussed on different areas of the body and are expressed by activities associated with those areas.
-oral, anal, phallic, latency, genital
Ages, stages and explanation of Freuds psychosexual model
Birth to 1-Oral: feeding and putting objects in mouth
1-3-anal: developing control over elimination via toilet training
3-6-phallic: genitals are focus of pleasurable sensations through sexual curiosity, masturbation and sexual attraction to opposite sexual parent
7-11-latency: sexual impulses repressed with same-sex friendships with peers and focus is school and activities
Adolescence-genital: primary focus of pleasurable sensations which a person seeks to satisfy in heterosexual relationships
According to Freud what happens if someone gets fixated on 1 psychosexual stage
Profoundly affects personality
- if fixated on oral, develop smoking habits
- if anal, anal-retentive personalities (OCD)
Strengths and weaknesses of Freuds Psychosexual model
- unconscious nature of mental life
- critical influence of early experiences
- differences in ability to regulate impulses, emotions and thoughts
- inadequacy of evidence
- problems with testability
- sexist
Trait perspective of personality
Focuses on identifying, describing and measuring individual differences
Trait
Relatively stable, enduring predisposition to behave in a certain way
Surface traits
Source traits
Characteristics or attributes that can be inferred from observable behaviour. Over 4000 English words to describe personality
Most fundamental dimensions of personality. Basic traits that are hypothesized to be universal and relatively few in number.
Raymond cattell trait theory
- proposed 16 personality factor
- used statistical technique to identify them
- developed the 16 personality factor questionnaire
- sixteen is generally considered by others as too many traits
Ex: reserved, unsocialable or outgoing and social
Affected by feelings or emotionally stable
Practical or imaginative
Hans Eysenck trait theory
- proposed similar model of universal source traits with 3 different source traits: introversion or extra version, neuroticism or emotional stability, psychoticism
- believed that individual differences in personality are due to biological differences making people
Eysencks Personality chart
Poles are N=Emotionally unstable (neurotic) S=Emotionally Stable E=Extraverted W=Introverted
NE=Extraverted-Neurotic: touchy, excitable, aggressive, optimistic
SE=Extraverted-stable: leadership, sociable, responsive, easygoing
SW=Introverted-stable: passive, Peacful, reliable
NW=Introverted-Neurotic: Moody, reserved, anxious, unsociable
McCrae and Costa: Five factor model
- essential building blocks of personality can be described in terms of 5 basic personality dimensions
- tested in 50 cultures
- traits seem stable over lifespan
- seem consistent over different situations and related to specific brain activity and structures
5 blocks are:
- openness and experience: routine or variety
- conscientiousness: lazy or hardworking
- extra version: quiet or talkative
- agreeableness: trusting or suspicious
- neuroticism: calm or worrying
Brain imaging and extroversion/ neuroticism
People who are high in extroversion shower higher levels of brain activation in response to positive images
People who score high in neuroticism show more activation in response to negative images
Strengths and limitations of five-factor personality model
-psychologists generally agree that people can be described and compared in terms of basic personality
- human personality not really explained
- no explanation of how or why we have individual differences
- failure to address other important personality issues
2 types of personality tests
Projective tests: involves a persons interpretation of an ambiguous image. Used to assess unconscious motives, conflicts, psychological defended and personality traits. Ex: Rorschach Inkblot Test
Self-report inventories
Thematic apperception test (TAT)
A projective personality test, developed by Henry Murray and colleagues, that involves creating stories about ambiguous scenes.
-person thought to project their own motives, conflicts and personality characteristics into the story they create.
Strengths and weaknesses of projective tests
- provision of qualitative information about individuals psychological functioning
- information can facilitate psychotherapy
- influence of testing situation or examiners behaviour
- highly subjective
- failure to produce consistent results
- poor at predicting future behaviour
Self-report inventory examples
Minnesota Multiphasic Personalitiy Inventory (MMPI): used to assess both normal and disturbed populations to assess personality and psychological disorders
California Psychological Inventory (CPI): assess personality in normal populations
Sixteen Personality Factor Questionnaire
What are the challenges of defining culture
- culture boundaries are not distinct and often unclear
- cultures are dynamic and change over time
- many variations within cultures and between cultures
- individual differences>cultural differences
General psychology Vs cultural psychology
General:
-focuses on universals
Cultural:
- Studies between and within cultural variation
- focus on replication and generalization
The neglected 95%: why American psychology needs to become less American facts
- 68% of psychology participants are Americans
- 96% of psychology participants are from western, industrialized countries
- 70% of participants are psychology undergraduates
- most research from WEIRD societies (wealthy, educated, industrialized, rich and democratic)
- but weird countries only make up 16% of the worlds population
- APA focuses on Americans who only make up 5% of global population
- most people don’t live in American conditions
- ethnicity of samples unreported in 7-24%
Cultural variation in terms of emotions based on language
- English has over 2000 words, while chewong of Malaysia have 8
- emotion words from one language do not always map onto basic emotions of other languages
Cultural differences with attention to Center figure with people behind mad or happy
Americans focused more on Center figure
Japanese focus more on center figure as a function of time and culture (took in context of peoples behind more)
Absolute and relative task cultural differences
Absolute: draw a line that is as close to length in first box
Relative: draw a line that is 1/3 height of first box
- absolute tasks easier for Americans
- relative task easier for East Asians
Degrees of universality
Non universal (cultural invention)
- cognitive tool not found in all cultures
- example: abacus
Existential universal (variation in function)
- cognitive tool found in all/ most/ some cultures that serve different functions in different cultures
- example: increased persistence in the face of failure
Functional universal (variation in accessibility)
- cognitive tool in all cultures that serves the same function but is used to different degrees
- example: individualism and collectivism
Accessibility universal (no variation)
- found in all cultures that serves the same functions and is accessible to the same degree
- example: social facilitation
One big source of differences in socialization comes from ________
Socialization with parents
- mothers from some cultures spend more time face to face with their children (German)
- some more time with bodily contact (NSO)
Authoritative and authoritarian
Child-centred approach, high expectations of children’s autonomy, maintains limits and controls
-better yields in terms of perceived parental warmth
High demands on children, restrict rules and little open dialogue between parent and child
Consequences of authoritarian style in non-western countries
- better educational outcomes
- imposed grades
- increased psychological maladjustment behaviours (low self esteem, emotional instability)
- less happy with strong controlling parenting
Stevenson and stigler proposed explanations of why East Asian schools were more similar in grades and better than American schools
Teaching methods
-more time and homework
Value of education from parents and children
- home environment usually has desk in Asian homes but not as much American
- plans of future in 70% of Chinese children and 10% American
Expectations that mothers have for their children
Numbering system
Understanding psychological disorders includes considerations of their ______
Origins, symptoms, and development, as well as how behaviour related to cultural and social norms
Psychological disorder/mental disorder/ abnormality patterns of behaviour
- deviation from the average
- deviation from the ideal
- sense of personal discomfort
- inability to function effectively
- legal concept
What is a psychological disorder perspectives
Medical-hormonal imbalance, brain injury
Psychoanalytic- childhood conflicts
Behavioural- unable to learn
Cognitive- thought and belief
Humanistic- responsibility people have
Sociocultural- poverty, norm
Dividing line between normal and abnormal behaviour is often determined by ____ or ____ context
Social
Cultural
- strong social stigma attached to suffering from a psychological disorder
- pattern of behavioural or psychological symptoms must represent a serious departure from the prevailing social and cultural norms
- standard descriptions of disorders from the DSM-5 must be used
DSM-5
Diagnostic and Statistical Manuel of Mental Disorders, 5th Edition; published by the American psychiatric association
- describes the specific symptoms and diagnostic guidelines for different psychological disorders
- includes symptoms, criteria that must be met to make a diagnosis, and typical course for each mental disorder
- has increased in number of disorders classified over the years
Categories of disorders in DSM-5
- Anxiety
- somatic symptom and related disorders (Illness anxiety disorder)
- dissociative (multiple personality)
- mood (Depression, bipolar)
- Schizophrenia spectrum and other psychotic disorders (delusional disorder)
Benefits of DSM-5
- provides a descriptive system
- allows communication between mental health and professionals
- enables researchers to explore the causes
- provides shorthand through which professionals can describe the behaviours that tend to occur together in an individual
Short-comings of DSM-5
David Rodenhans classic study
- sought admission to mental hospital based on statement that they were hearing voices
- pseudo-patients acted normal after that and the hospitals still diagnosed them as severely abnormal
- most “patients” were labelled as schizophrenic-in remission
- no on identified any of the pseudo patients as imposters
- after initial diagnosis, mental health professionals overlook other diagnostic possibilities
ICD
International Classification of Diseases
- world health organizations diagnostic classification
- diagnostic codes required for insurance reimbursements
Should social media help diagnose disorders?
- differences were found in Instagram photos posted by depressed and non depressed people
- good searches (how to kill self) are higher in suicidal people
- information about online behaviour should be harnessed
- confidentiality of information
- ethical guidelines should be developed
Psychological disorders are much more prevalent than many believe. Approximately ______ of a representative of 9000 Americans experiences symptoms of a psychological disorder during the previous year
26%
Anxiety disorders
Intense anxiety that disrupts normal functioning is an essential feature of the anxiety disorders, PTSD, and obsessive-compulsive disorder
Anxiety
Anxiety disorders
Unpleasant emotional state characterized by physical arousal and feelings of tension, apprehension and worry
-physically alert; mentally alert
Category of psychological disorders in which extreme anxiety is the main diagnostic feature and causes significant disruptions in the persons cognitive, behavioural or interpersonal functions
-irrational, uncontrollable, disruptive
Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD)
An anxiety disorder characterized by excessive, global, and persistent symptoms of anxiety; also called free-floating anxiety
-when one source of worry is removed, another takes it’s place
Caused by:
- environmental, psychological, genetic, and other biological factors
- problematic anxiety can be evident from early age
- early stressful experiences may contribute
Panic attack
Panic disorder
Sudden episode of extreme anxiety that rapidly accelerated in intensity
Anxiety disorder in which person experienced frequent and unexpected panic attacks
Triple vulnerabilities model of panic
- biological predisposition toward anxiety
- low sense of control over potentially life threatening events
- over sensitivity to physical sensations
Catastrophic cognitions theory
Over sensitive to physical sensations and all tend to catastrophize meaning of their experience
Phobia
Persistent and irrational fear of a specific object, situation or activity
Specific phobia
Excessive, intense and irrational fear of a specific object, situation, or activity that is actively avoided or endured with marked anxiety
- encountering fear can provoke a full panic attack
- 13% of general population has this
- 2x more women than men
Generally the objects or situations that produce specific phobias tend to fall into 4 categories:
- fear of particular situations
- fear of features of the natural environment
- fear of injury or blood
- fear of animals and insects
Social anxiety disorder
Anxiety disorder involving the extreme and irrational fear of being embarrassed, judged, or scrutinized by others in social situations
- one of the most common psychological disorders
- more prevalent in women
Explaining phobias
- basic learning principles
- biological preparation
Some phobias can be explained in terms of classical conditioning, operant conditioning and observational learning
Certain fears, such as spiders or heights have evolutionary history and may represent a fear of contamination
Extreme anxiety and intrusive thoughts are symptoms of both
PTSD and OCD
PTSD
Post traumatic stress disorder
- caused by exposure to a highly traumatic event
- results in recurrent, involuntary and intrusive memories
- avoidance of stimuli and situations associated with event
- negative changes in thoughts, moods and emotions
- persistent state of heighten physical arousal
OCD
Obsessive Compulsive Disorder
- presence of intrusive, repetitive, and unwanted thoughts (obsessions)
- fear of dirt, germs, doubt of completing task
repetitive behaviours or mental acts that an individual feels driven to perform to reduce anxiety (compulsions)
-may be overt or covert
Examples of obsessions and compulsions
- contamination
- pathological doubt
- violent or sexual thoughts
- washing
- checking
- counting
- symmetry and precision
Causes of OCD
- deficiency in serotonin, norepinephrine
- dysfunction in specific bran areas involved in fight or flight response, frontal lobes for thinking and planning, and heighten neural activity in caudate nucleus involved in regulating movements
Disorders involving intense anxiety
Generalized anxiety disorder Panic disorder Phobias PTSD OCD
Both depressive and bipolar disorders are sometimes called _____ or ____
Mood disorders
Affective disorders
Major Depressive Disorder
- a mood disorder that is characterized by extreme and persistent feelings of despondency, worthlessness and hopelessness
- causes impaired emotional, cognitive, behavioural and physical functioning
- loss of interest or pleasure in activities
- difficulty sleeping or excessive sleeping
- diminished appetite and eight loss
Prevalence of major depressive disorder
6-7% of Americans
15% of Americans at some point in life
Women 2x more likely (experience more chronic stress, have lesser sense of personal control, more prone to dwell on issues)
More than half of all people who have been through one episode of major depression can expect to
Relapse, usually within 2 years
- symptoms tend to increase in severity and time between episodes decreases
- left untreated, major depression can daily last 6 months or longer
Bipolar disorder
Manic episode
A sudden, rapidly escalating emotional state characterized by extreme euphoria, excitement, physical energy and rapid thoughts and speech
Bipolar disorder
A mood disorder invoking periods of incapacitating depression alternating with periods of extreme up hours and excitement; formerly called manic depression
Symptoms of Biploar
- person experiences extreme mood swings
- episodes of incapacitating depression and shorter euphoria (manic episodes)
- small percentage only experience manic episodes
- involves abnormal moods at both ends of emotional spectrum
Prevalence of Bipolar
- typically occurs in early 20’s and lasts from a few days to a couple of mouths
- commonly recurs every few years; small percentage display rapid cycling
- 1% lifetime risk
- no gender differences in prevalence
- can often be controlled by medication (lithium)
Causes of Bipolar
- genetic predisposition
- activation of brain structure differences
- brain chemistry
- stress
Lasser found that people with mental illness are ____ as likely to smoke
2x
Cyclothymic disorder
Moderate, reoccurring mood swings that are not severe enough to qualify as major depressive disorder or bipolar
SAD
Seasonal affective disorder
-reoccurring episodes of depression following a seasonal pattern. More in winter and fall
Persistent depressive disorder
Chronic depressed feelings that are often less severe than those that accompany major depressive disorder
Culture plays a role in the ______ and _____ of psychological disorders, even universal ones
Triggers
Manifestation
Culture-Bound syndrome
A group of psychological symptoms that are greatly influenced by cultural factors and occur far less often or is manifested very differently in other cultures
Ex: Hikikomori in Japan
Hikikomori
“Pull inward” or engage in social withdrawal; characterized by voluntary absence of social interaction except for family members for at least 6 months
- social cultural factors may contribute, including strong social pressures and eroded career opportunities
- estimated that 1% of Japanese suffer from this condition
- does not conform to DSM-5 criteria
Dhat syndrome
Characterized by young men’s belief that they are leaking semen, which causes extreme anxiety because they consider it a source of vitality
-being susceptible to dhat required relevant belief that relate semen, sexual activity, morality and health
(South Asian cultures)
Koro
Head of a turtle; manifests in men as morbid anxiety that their penis is shrinking into their body
- primarily in south and East Asia
- unclear what aspects of culture have led to this
- koro-like symptoms found in West Africa, as well as in individuals in American culture who have negative marijuana-induced experiences
Frigophobia
Morbid fear of catching cold (China)
-wearing several layers even in summer
Susto
Feeling the soul has been dislodged from the body which can lead to a range of symptoms (Latin America)
Voodoo death
Being convinced that one is the victim of a curse or has violated a taboo (Africa)
-results in severe fear reaction, which may lead to death
Depression in European American vs Asian Americans
Europe: decrease emotional response
Asian: exaggerated emotional response
Cultural variability in types of manifestation of symptoms
- somatization
- Psychologization
Experiencing symptoms primarily physically
Experiencing symptoms primarily psychologically
Neurasthenic in China
Syndrome of more than 50 symptoms including fatigue, poor appetite, headaches, insomnia, beak weakness, hysteria, inability to concentrate
- dropped by DSM-5 because symptoms were considered less important than underlying illness
- some argued syndrome was depression, even though only 9% reported depressed mood as a key symptom
Treatment of psychological disorders varies across cultures
-psychotherapy in the west requires seeking professional help, exploring and disclosing private feelings with a stranger
Two models of healing that emerged outside of the west:
Family
- most important in resolving mental health problems
- shared problems and stigma among family members, who were key source of guidance, especially elder members
Spiritualism and religion
-mental illness perceived as rooted in an underlying spiritual problem
Oedipus complex
According to Freud, a boys sexual desire toward his mother and dealing of jealousy towards father
Defence mechanism
In psychoanalytic theory, the egos protective methods of reducing anxiety by unconsciously distorting reality
Repression
In psychoanalytic theory, the basic defends mechanism that banished from consciousness anxiety-a rousing thoughts
Personality inventories
A questionnaire (often with true-false or agree-disagree) on which people respond to items designed to gauge a wide range of feelings and behaviours; used to assess selected personality traits
Psychological disorder
A syndrome marked by clinically significant disturbance in an individuals cognitions, emotion regulation, or behaviour
The famous bobo doll study demonstrated that
Children are less likely to imitate the actions of someone who has been punished for their actions than the actions of someone who has been rewarded
Jamie found the ISBN of the book she wanted to order. To remember the eleven digit number she thought of the number as the year her best friend was born, and her aunts phone number. This strategy is called…
Chunking
Your dog jumps up on a visitor and you smack him with a rolled up newspaper. Next time, your dog doesn’t jump on them. This is an example of
Positive punishment
The lost-in-the-mall technique involves
Using family members of the participant to help induce a false memory for an event that never occurred, such as being lost in a shopping mall as a kid
According to Banduras model of observational learning, what characteristics of television depictions of violent behaviour makes the violent behaviour more likely to occur?
Violent behaviour is performed by the hero or another attractive, high stays individual
Information is stored in short-term memory for about
20 seconds
Which stage of memory enables us to perceived the world around us as continuous, rather than as a series of disconnected visual images or disjointed sounds?
Sensory memory
The prefrontal cortex role in memory
Plays important role in working me melty
Multiple choice test is a good example of using _____ to test long-term memory
Recognition
Sperlings classical experiment in which he briefly flashed 3 rows of letter on a screen immediately followed by a tone demonstrate that
Visual sensory memory holds a great deal of information for about 1/2 a second
After living in Canada for many years, Shu Fang returned to visit Seoul. As she walked through town, her memory was flooded with memories of childhood. The environmental cues that helped trigger the memories illustrates
Context effect
Tip of the tongue experience is a common example of
Retrieval failure
Which of the following is not a main factor in Ronal Cottons case in the video we watched in class
- reinforcement
- imaginary inflation
- misleading questions
- composing the line up
Imaginary inflation
By practicing a music piece starting at different places, you work to counteract which memory tendency
Serial position effect
When asked for the definition of a depend variable, Mohammad replied that it’s a factor in an experiment that is observed and measured for change. This is an example of which category of long term memory
Semantic memory
You normally drive down the same route, but it is blocked. You immediately take a different route. What have you done?
Formed a cognitive map of the area
You find out there will be 10 pop quizzes over the semester, so students are strongly encouraged to keep up with their reading and attend every class. This is a ______ schedule of reinforcement
Variable-interval
Not every researcher accepts that short term memory is limited to exactly 7 plus or minus 2. Research actually suggests the true magic number to be
4 plus or minus 1
Numerous studies have been conducted looking at the factors involved in criminal convictions in which the convicted person ultimately turned out to be innocent. Those studies have shown that the leading cause of wrongful conviction is
Eyewitness misidentification
To keep from getting mosquito bites when mowing the lawn, Kevin always sprays himself with insect repellent before mowing the law. This is an example of
Negative reinforcement….
Using schemas you already have stored in long-term memory allows you to
Quickly integrate new experiences into your knowledge base
Brandon vivid sky remembers when he has to go to the emergency department for stitches on his left thigh. This is an example of what type of long term memory
Episodic
If you clean your room, you can have a donut. This uses a ______ to reward desired behaviour
Primary reinforcer
In a study participants are told alto say the first word that comes to mind after “day”, and “woods” and they say “night” and “trees”. This supports the idea that the participants were using
Semantic network model
If you touch something hot, you will reflexively withdraw your hand. The withdrawing of your hand is a ____ response
Unconditioned
In a study where participants were asked to judge how fast vehicles were going, which participants gave the fastest speeds
Subjects asked “how fast were the cards going when they smashed into each other”
Rats are allowed to wander through a maze for several days with no food reward. On 10th day a good reward is placed at the end of the maze. What would provide evidence of latent learning
Rats improve very little in how quickly they reach the end of the maze for the first 10 days but dramatically improve on day 11
The early school approach “behaviouralism” emphasized the scientific study of
Observable behaviours rather than mental processes
Advertising technique based on classical conditioning principles
Sexy model using a certain brand
Dog conditioned to salivate at sight of triangle, the triangle alone was presented to dog every 3 minutes. Over time dog stops salivating. The next morning what happened?
Spontaneous recovery likely occurred, and the dog salivated to the triangle
Henry molaison was not able to form new episodic or semantic memories which reflects the _____, but he could form new procedural memories, which reflect the _____
Explicit memory system
Implicit memory system
What happened after little Albert was classically conditioned to fear a tame white rat
Stimulus generalization, Albert responded with fear to other fuzzy animals and objects
Being paid $5 for every 20 calls made regardless of what call does is an example what what type of reinforcement schedule
Fixed-ratio
Instead of memorizing random terms, you focus on the meaning of information and generate examples from own experience. This is _____
Elaborate rehearsal
If you shine a bright light into an eye, the pupil will reflexively constrict. The bright light is the _____ and the pupils constricting is the ____
UCS UCR
The ebbinghaus forgetting curve shows that
Much of what we learn is forgotten very quickly
You have a mean sub who scolded you and made you cry. You see them at store, and suddenly cry. This is an example of
A conditioned response
Psychologists gave questionnaires about how people learned about 9/11. Over next year, students were periodically asked to again describe their memory. The research was designed to
Investigate whether flashbulb memories are more likely than ordinary memories to be accurate and consistent over time
Pavlov found that a conditioned response would be stronger if
The interval between the CS and the UCS was no more than a few seconds
Jonathon is very bright. He is 10, with a mental age of 12. If tested on a Stanford-Binet intelligence scale, his IQ would be
120
Which if sternbergs types of intelligences could be referred to as “street smarts”
Practical
During WW1, the Us developed the _____ to screen million of recruits
Army alpha and army beta tests
Scores on tests often follow a pattern in which most scores are in average range, with fewer to the extremes. Which pattern of distribution is this?
Normal curve
Who developed the first systemic intelligence test
Alfred Binet
Binets intelligence test was adapted by Lewis terman and then called the
Standford-Binet intelligence scale
Dr Lopez assess the correlation between scores obtained on two halves of his new test measuring the ability to cope with stress. The two halves contain similar questions. Dr Lopez is checking the _____ of the test
Reliability
Approximately 2/3 or 68% of all scores of the WAIS fall between _____ and _____, considered the normal intelligent
85;115
Howard grandees view of intelligence
There are multiple independent intelligences and each must be defined within the context of a particular culture
Research on the relationship between daily hassles and psychological distress and physical symptoms has shown that the
Number of daily hassles people experience is a better predictor of psychological distress and physical illness than the number of major life events experienced
Mia almost had a car accident, the experience caused her to have a fight or flight reaction. Now that the threat has been removed, how long will it take for her high level of bodily arousal to subside
20-60 min
Is it possible to develop a culture free intelligence test
No, intelligence is not culture free
During exam, heart beats fast and palms are sweaty. If you think about it, the heart pounding and sweaty palms are caused by anxiety. This illustrates the ___theory of emotion
Two-factor
What is a sentence consistent with a 2 year olds language development
Daddy go
Milligrams experiment repeated on females will result in
Same results from male study
Facial feedback hypothesis suggests that
Expressing a specific emotion, especially facially, influences the subjective experience of that particular emotion
Two people both lose jobs, one is mildly disturbed and believes they will soon gets another job. Other is distraught and believes they might have to quit college. The different reactions to same stressor emphasize the importance of
Cognitive appraisal of an event
Milgram found that the subjects were least likely to deliver a high level of shock when
Teachers were free to chose the level of shock
People with damaged amygdala, lose the ability to
Distinguish friendly and threatening faces
Contemporary emotion researchers tend to agree that
Emotions can be triggered in multiple ways
Milgram described his experiment to psychiatrists, college students and middle class adults. The results showed that these people were
all wrong
People given adrenaline and asked what emotion they felt. But none felt any emotion. This conflicts with ____ theory of emotion
James-Lange
Relationship between stress and the susceptibility to the common cold
Level of stress that the volunteers reported was very strongly related to their susceptibility to the common cold
Heritability estimates of about 50% for intelligence suggests that
The difference in IQ scores, within a specific group of people is due partly to differences in their genetic makeup
Lisa and her husband John have both had very stressful dYs at work. Who is more likely to withdraw from contact with other family members
John
Wife had stroke and is paralyzed, husband takes care of her. After 4 months husband is used to routine and able to cope. He is now in the ___stage of the general adaptation syndrome, but if the situation gets worse, and continues for a prolonged period of time, he may enter the ____ stage
Resistance
Exhaustion
Marin decided to write a paper on animal language. He concludes that
There is compelling demonstrations of animal communication and cognition
What is false regarding the determination of intelligence
Twin studies clearly indicate that heredity is much more important than the environment in determining intelligence
Contemporary evolutionary psychologists tend to view emotions as
Product of evolution, helping people adapt to challenges in their environment.
A baby coos and vocalizes “ahhh” and “ohhh”. Baby is probably ____ months old
3
On the WAIS, the _____ score represents subtest scores on verbal tasks; the ______ score represents subtest scores in nonverbal tasks.
Verbal
Performance
Identical twins raised in different homes, but have similar IQ. Provides support primarily for the influence of the _____ on IQ
Genes
Which neural pathway Carrie’s crude information about a threatening stimulus and activates a rapid instinctual alarm response
Thalamus-amygdala
New immigrant asks if they should seek positive relations with new dominant society and if their cultural identity is of value to me. They answer yes to both. They chose
Integration
What is likely to be among a child’s first words
Daddy
Nadine normally dresses casually and hates worrying about clothes. However, for job interview she decided to wear a good tailored suit. This behaviour best illustrated the important of
Normative social influence
People under chronic stress tend to have ____telomeres
Shortened
In the phenomenon “____”, awareness of positive expectations can actually improve performance
Stereotype lift
Animal communication research has shown that
Chimpanzees like Kanzi appear to be able to learn symbols and comprehend spoken English
The basic emotions are
Sadness, happiness, disgust, fear, surprise and anger
When Angie asks 1 year old to get a diaper, she does even though she can not say diaper. The 1 year old _____ is larger than her _____
Comprehension vocabulary
Production vocabulary
Bilingual individuals are better able to
Control attention and Inhibit distracting information
Dr Gordon used the biopsychosocial model to guide her research into how psychological factors influence health, illness and treatment. This doctor is must likely a
Health psychologist
Kitty was murdered outside her NYC apartment. This led to research on
Altruisms and Prosocial behaviour
Cross cultural research investigates conformity in both collectivist and individualistic cultures, you are generally likely to find that
Conformity tends to be higher in collectivist cultures compared to individualistic cultures
Walking home after watching scary movie and you hear noise. Heart races and blood pressure increases. This is the ____ component of emotion due to the activation of the _____
Physiological
Sympathetic nervous system
Nikki experiences prolonged and chronic stress. According to Hans Selye’s model of stress, Nikki’s response to this intense and persistent stress probably involves high levels of
Corticosteroids
Why can’t heritability estimated be used to explain differences in intelligence between different groups
Heritability estimates can be applied only to differences within a particular group, because environmental conditions vary for different groups
When we want to be correct but are uncertain of our own judgment and look for the groups source of information. This is referred to as
Informational social influence
One physiological difference in the body’s response to chronic stress, as compared to acute stress is the activation of the
Pituitary gland and adrenal cortex
Dr. YAMOMOTO is very careful to hide their true feelings and control facial expressions in presence of senior administrators. This illustrates
Display rules of her culture
Resisting the direct orders of an authority figure is more likely when
Two or more people resist
In a replication of _____ classic experiment investigating _____, manjit joined a group of 6 others who were asked to state which line matched the length of one line
Solomon Asches
Conformity
When you return home you notice it was robbed. You worry the robber is still here. Your sympathetic nervous system has been stimulated and adrenal medulla secretes
Catecolomines
Being bilingual may protect against
Cognitive decline
The phenomenon in which the greater number of people present means the less likely each individual is to help someone in distress is called
The bystander effect
The Stanford prison experiment involved
Standford university students playing roles of prisoners s
and guards in a simulated jail
When a test was described as measuring “problem solving skills”, African American students did just as well as white students. However, when told the test measured “intelligence”, African Americans scored lower. This illustrates
Stereotype threat
