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Motor & Development > Final Exam > Flashcards

Final Exam Flashcards

1
Q

competence

A

need to perceive oneself as capable or competent

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2
Q

autonomy

A

need to determine or feel in control of one’s own actions

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3
Q

social relatedness

A

need to feel included, accepted, or connected to others, to feel satisfaction in one’s involvement with the social world

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4
Q

How do you build competence?

A

provide encouragement and not just help/do the task for the person

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5
Q

How do you build autonomy?

A
  • provide choices

- use patient’s learning style

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6
Q

______________ and ____________ can threaten autonomy.

A

social interactions and controlling language

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7
Q

What are examples of controlling language that should be avoided?

A
  • Must
  • Should
  • Have to
  • I want you to
  • You are accountable for
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8
Q

How can we increase feelings of social relatedness within our therapy programs?

A
  • get to know your patients
  • SAID principle so they are working toward a goal
  • group PT
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9
Q

What are 2 forms of nondeclarative associative forms of learning?

A

classical conditioning and operant conditioning

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10
Q

classical conditioning

A

stimulus to stimulus - pavlov’s dog

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11
Q

operant conditioning

A

behavior to consequence - dog sits and gets a treat

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12
Q

procedural learning

A

learning tasks that can be performed automatically w/o attention or conscious thought; develops slowly through repetition
- VOR, riding bike, walking

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13
Q

declarative/explicit learning

A
  • knowledge that can be recalled

- factual knowledge

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14
Q

__________________ can transform declarative into nondeclarative/procedural knowledge

A

constant repetition

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15
Q

Adams’s Closed Loop Theory

A

practice the same exact movement repeatedly, to one accurate endpoint
- The more time spent practicing the movement as accurately as possible, the better the learning will be

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16
Q

Schmidt’s Schema Theory

A

optimal learning will occur if a task is practiced under many different conditions

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17
Q

What are the 3 stages of motor learning?

A
  • cognitive stage - to understand how to perform a skill
  • intermediate/associative stage - learner begins to modify/adapt movement pattern as needed
  • autonomous stage - movement is automatic and attention can be directed elsewhere
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18
Q

In what motor learning stage is physical guidance needed?

A

cognitive stage

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19
Q

In what motor learning stage is error detection needed?

A

intermediate/associative stage

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20
Q

In what motor learning stage is dual task incorporated?

A

autonomous stage

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21
Q

What part of the brain is associated with explicit/declarative learning?

A
  • medial temporal lobe areas
  • sensory association cortex
  • hippocampus
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22
Q

What part of the brain is nonassociative learning (nondeclarative) associated with?

A

habituation and sensitization

- reflex pathways

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23
Q

What part of the brain is associative learning (nondeclarative) associated with?

A

classical and operant conditioning

  • emotional responses - amygdala
  • skeletal musculature - cerebellum, deep cerebellar nuclei, premotor cortex
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24
Q

What part of the brain is procedural learning (nondeclarative) associated with?

A

skills and habits

  • striatum and other motor areas
  • cerebellum
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25
Q

internal focus

A

instructions that direct the patient’s attention to their own movements

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26
Q

external focus

A

instructions that direct the patient’s attention t the effects of their movements on the environment

  • more effective and efficient movements
  • unconscious processes
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27
Q

implicit learning

A

learning of complex information in an incidental manner, w/o awareness of what has been learned

  • learning w/o verbal direction
  • reduces reliance on working memory and promotes automatic processes
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28
Q

rate limiters to walking

A
  • reciprocal leg movements
  • strength to support on single limb
  • balance
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29
Q

at what age does running emerge?

A

6-7 months after walking

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30
Q

Development occurs in a __________ direction.

A

cephalocaudal or proximal-distal

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31
Q

motor skills develop from ______ to _______

A

gross (big movements) to fine

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32
Q

dynamic systems theory

A

movement emerge based on the child’s external environment and the motor task to be completed

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33
Q

Hand movement is limited by strength of __________.

A

head and trunk control

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34
Q

___________ is the breaking up of the mass pattern, it is the ability to separate movement in one body part from associated movement in another

A

Dissociation

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35
Q

rooting reflex At what age?

A

stroke the side of the mouth and the baby will look for pacifier
- newborn

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36
Q

neonatal neck righting At what age?

A

move head the shoulders and hips will roll like a log/roll at the same time
- newborn

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37
Q

Why is there a decrease in physiological flexion at 1-2 months?

A

increased anti-gravity strength

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38
Q

what begins at 1-2 months?

A

active postural control and increased alertness and visual awareness

39
Q

ATNR

A

asymmetric tonic neck reflex - when you turn head and arm and leg extend laterally while contralateral side flexes

40
Q

When does ATNR go away? When is it normal?

A

atypical after about 4 months

normal between 2-4 months

41
Q

What is astasia abasia? When is it seen?

A

motor incoordination for standing and walking - inability to stand and to walk

seen 1-2 months

42
Q

At what age is sustained head lift?

A

3 months

43
Q

When is the baby able to track 180 degrees with head extended?

A

3 months

44
Q

When does development of controlled, purposeful movements occur?

A

4 months

45
Q

visual tracking of 4 month

A

can be done without head turning

46
Q

how and when does a baby develop lordosis?

A

4 months - increased activity of adductors, erector spinae and obliques

47
Q

When can baby start to bring feet to mouth?

A

5 months

48
Q

when can baby independently sit?

A

6 months

49
Q

at what age is 3-jaw chuck used?

A

10 months

50
Q

when does a baby typically start to walk?

A

~12 months

12-15 months

51
Q

cognitive development birth - 3 months

A
  • focus on moving objects
  • distinguish sweet, salty, bitter, sour
  • differences in pitch and volume
  • see colors
  • anticipatory behaviors like sucking at site of bottle
  • look towards sounds
52
Q

cognitive development 3-6 months

A
  • recognize familiar faces and sounds
  • imitate facial expressions
  • beginning to understand cause and effect - shake a rattle
  • puts objects in mouth for exploration
  • swipes at dangling objects
  • bored if left alone
  • peek-a-boo
  • opens mouth for spoon
  • struggles to get objects out of reach
53
Q

at what age range will the baby search for partially hidden objects?

A

6-9 months

54
Q

6-9 months cognitive development

A
  • understands difference between animate and inanimate objects
  • tell difference between pictures depicting different numbers of objects
  • knows relative size and distance away
  • gaze at things suspended in air
  • searches for partially hidden objects
  • bangs objects together
  • smiles at images in mirror
  • points at what they want
55
Q

When does a baby understand the concept of object permanence?

A

9-12 months

- object permanence - understands that objects exist even when you can’t see them

56
Q

When can the baby tell the difference between “me” and “you”?

A

1-2 years

57
Q

When does the baby start to ask why questions?

A

3-4 years old

58
Q

what is elicited with pressure to the gums. It is responsible for early munching (vertical chewing) patterns.

A

pasic bite 28 weeks

59
Q

what is tongue thrust? When does it disappear?

A

elicited by touching the front of the tongue. It may be a protective mechanism to keep out foreign objects

disappears between 4-6 months

60
Q

When is gag reflex present and when does it disappear?

A

present at 32 weeks and diminishes around 6 months

61
Q

when does beginning hand to mouth play and independent oral exploration of objects occur?

A

3-6 months

62
Q

when can they hold the bottle independently?

A

6-9 months

63
Q

when can they begin to self feed?

A

9-12 months

64
Q

When can they Coordinates sucking, swallowing and breathing patterns for longer sequences?

A

12-18 months

65
Q

chondrogenesis

A

intermittent loading

66
Q

osteogenesis

A

continuous loading

67
Q

All bones, except the clavicle, mandible, and skull, are formed by __________ossification

A

endochondral

68
Q

When is cartilage gradually replaced by the process of ossification?

A

8th fetal week

69
Q

___________ appears to stimulate more growth than tension

A

intermittent compression

70
Q

Hueter-Volkmann Principle of bone growth regulation

A

growth plates produce increased growth in response to tension and decreased growth in response to excessive compression
- growth may be uneven if forces are directed unequally or abnormally across an epiphyseal plate bc of malalignment

71
Q

coxa valga

A

increased angle of inclination (135-145) compared to normal (125)

72
Q

At birth, _______ is greater than ________which is why the femur is externally rotated

A

anteversion > antetorsion

73
Q

During smooth pursuits there is an increase in gain if what is occurring?

A

hand is also following the target

74
Q

During ________ – all segments of the arm are controlled as a unit

A

pointing

75
Q

During ___________ – the hand is controlled independently of the other arm units

A

reach and grasp

76
Q

power grip

A

the finger and thumb pads are directed toward the palm to transmit a force to the object

77
Q

precision grip

A

the forces are directed between the thumb and fingers - allows movement of the object relative to the hand and within the hand

78
Q

At what month will child play using 3 jaw chuck?

A

10 months

79
Q

what is the Role of cerebellum during grasp and lift task?

A

predictive control of grip forces

80
Q

What will a cerebellar lesion do to grasp and lift tasks?

A

cause poor predictive control of grip forces

81
Q

What will cortical lesions do to grasp and lift tasks?

A

cause normal timing of predictive grip forces but reduced response amplitudes

82
Q

at what age do predictive abilities start to come in regards to eye head coordination?

A

5 months

83
Q

At what age does more accurate reaching and grasping components occur?

A

4-5 months

84
Q

At what age does pincer grip occur?

A

9-13 months

85
Q

At what age do higher cognitive aspects begin to occur?

A

12 months

86
Q

At what ages will the baby be able to bring hands to bottle but needs help holding it?

A

3-6 months

87
Q

At what ages will the baby be able to hold the bottle independently and clean spoon with upper lip?

A

6-9 months

88
Q

At what ages will the baby begin to eat pureed meats?

A

6-9 months

89
Q

At what ages will the baby be able to eat smashed table food, experiment through a sippy cup, and drink through a straw?

A

9-12 months

90
Q

At what ages will the baby be able to eat finely chopped food and move food from side to side in mouth?

A

12-18 month

91
Q

At what age will baby be able feed themselves with a spoon?

A

18-24 months

92
Q

At what ages will the baby be able to drink through open mouth cup and independently move towards independent eating?

A

24-36 months

93
Q

At what age will the baby begin to use a fork?

A

36 months - 5 years

Motor & Development (2 decks)

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