Final Exam Flashcards
competence
need to perceive oneself as capable or competent
autonomy
need to determine or feel in control of one’s own actions
social relatedness
need to feel included, accepted, or connected to others, to feel satisfaction in one’s involvement with the social world
How do you build competence?
provide encouragement and not just help/do the task for the person
How do you build autonomy?
- provide choices
- use patient’s learning style
______________ and ____________ can threaten autonomy.
social interactions and controlling language
What are examples of controlling language that should be avoided?
- Must
- Should
- Have to
- I want you to
- You are accountable for
How can we increase feelings of social relatedness within our therapy programs?
- get to know your patients
- SAID principle so they are working toward a goal
- group PT
What are 2 forms of nondeclarative associative forms of learning?
classical conditioning and operant conditioning
classical conditioning
stimulus to stimulus - pavlov’s dog
operant conditioning
behavior to consequence - dog sits and gets a treat
procedural learning
learning tasks that can be performed automatically w/o attention or conscious thought; develops slowly through repetition
- VOR, riding bike, walking
declarative/explicit learning
- knowledge that can be recalled
- factual knowledge
__________________ can transform declarative into nondeclarative/procedural knowledge
constant repetition
Adams’s Closed Loop Theory
practice the same exact movement repeatedly, to one accurate endpoint
- The more time spent practicing the movement as accurately as possible, the better the learning will be
Schmidt’s Schema Theory
optimal learning will occur if a task is practiced under many different conditions
What are the 3 stages of motor learning?
- cognitive stage - to understand how to perform a skill
- intermediate/associative stage - learner begins to modify/adapt movement pattern as needed
- autonomous stage - movement is automatic and attention can be directed elsewhere
In what motor learning stage is physical guidance needed?
cognitive stage
In what motor learning stage is error detection needed?
intermediate/associative stage
In what motor learning stage is dual task incorporated?
autonomous stage
What part of the brain is associated with explicit/declarative learning?
- medial temporal lobe areas
- sensory association cortex
- hippocampus
What part of the brain is nonassociative learning (nondeclarative) associated with?
habituation and sensitization
- reflex pathways
What part of the brain is associative learning (nondeclarative) associated with?
classical and operant conditioning
- emotional responses - amygdala
- skeletal musculature - cerebellum, deep cerebellar nuclei, premotor cortex
What part of the brain is procedural learning (nondeclarative) associated with?
skills and habits
- striatum and other motor areas
- cerebellum
internal focus
instructions that direct the patient’s attention to their own movements
external focus
instructions that direct the patient’s attention t the effects of their movements on the environment
- more effective and efficient movements
- unconscious processes
implicit learning
learning of complex information in an incidental manner, w/o awareness of what has been learned
- learning w/o verbal direction
- reduces reliance on working memory and promotes automatic processes
rate limiters to walking
- reciprocal leg movements
- strength to support on single limb
- balance
at what age does running emerge?
6-7 months after walking
Development occurs in a __________ direction.
cephalocaudal or proximal-distal
motor skills develop from ______ to _______
gross (big movements) to fine
dynamic systems theory
movement emerge based on the child’s external environment and the motor task to be completed
Hand movement is limited by strength of __________.
head and trunk control
___________ is the breaking up of the mass pattern, it is the ability to separate movement in one body part from associated movement in another
Dissociation
rooting reflex At what age?
stroke the side of the mouth and the baby will look for pacifier
- newborn
neonatal neck righting At what age?
move head the shoulders and hips will roll like a log/roll at the same time
- newborn
Why is there a decrease in physiological flexion at 1-2 months?
increased anti-gravity strength
what begins at 1-2 months?
active postural control and increased alertness and visual awareness
ATNR
asymmetric tonic neck reflex - when you turn head and arm and leg extend laterally while contralateral side flexes
When does ATNR go away? When is it normal?
atypical after about 4 months
normal between 2-4 months
What is astasia abasia? When is it seen?
motor incoordination for standing and walking - inability to stand and to walk
seen 1-2 months
At what age is sustained head lift?
3 months
When is the baby able to track 180 degrees with head extended?
3 months
When does development of controlled, purposeful movements occur?
4 months
visual tracking of 4 month
can be done without head turning
how and when does a baby develop lordosis?
4 months - increased activity of adductors, erector spinae and obliques
When can baby start to bring feet to mouth?
5 months
when can baby independently sit?
6 months
at what age is 3-jaw chuck used?
10 months
when does a baby typically start to walk?
~12 months
12-15 months
cognitive development birth - 3 months
- focus on moving objects
- distinguish sweet, salty, bitter, sour
- differences in pitch and volume
- see colors
- anticipatory behaviors like sucking at site of bottle
- look towards sounds
cognitive development 3-6 months
- recognize familiar faces and sounds
- imitate facial expressions
- beginning to understand cause and effect - shake a rattle
- puts objects in mouth for exploration
- swipes at dangling objects
- bored if left alone
- peek-a-boo
- opens mouth for spoon
- struggles to get objects out of reach
at what age range will the baby search for partially hidden objects?
6-9 months
6-9 months cognitive development
- understands difference between animate and inanimate objects
- tell difference between pictures depicting different numbers of objects
- knows relative size and distance away
- gaze at things suspended in air
- searches for partially hidden objects
- bangs objects together
- smiles at images in mirror
- points at what they want
When does a baby understand the concept of object permanence?
9-12 months
- object permanence - understands that objects exist even when you can’t see them
When can the baby tell the difference between “me” and “you”?
1-2 years
When does the baby start to ask why questions?
3-4 years old
what is elicited with pressure to the gums. It is responsible for early munching (vertical chewing) patterns.
pasic bite 28 weeks
what is tongue thrust? When does it disappear?
elicited by touching the front of the tongue. It may be a protective mechanism to keep out foreign objects
disappears between 4-6 months
When is gag reflex present and when does it disappear?
present at 32 weeks and diminishes around 6 months
when does beginning hand to mouth play and independent oral exploration of objects occur?
3-6 months
when can they hold the bottle independently?
6-9 months
when can they begin to self feed?
9-12 months
When can they Coordinates sucking, swallowing and breathing patterns for longer sequences?
12-18 months
chondrogenesis
intermittent loading
osteogenesis
continuous loading
All bones, except the clavicle, mandible, and skull, are formed by __________ossification
endochondral
When is cartilage gradually replaced by the process of ossification?
8th fetal week
___________ appears to stimulate more growth than tension
intermittent compression
Hueter-Volkmann Principle of bone growth regulation
growth plates produce increased growth in response to tension and decreased growth in response to excessive compression
- growth may be uneven if forces are directed unequally or abnormally across an epiphyseal plate bc of malalignment
coxa valga
increased angle of inclination (135-145) compared to normal (125)
At birth, _______ is greater than ________which is why the femur is externally rotated
anteversion > antetorsion
During smooth pursuits there is an increase in gain if what is occurring?
hand is also following the target
During ________ – all segments of the arm are controlled as a unit
pointing
During ___________ – the hand is controlled independently of the other arm units
reach and grasp
power grip
the finger and thumb pads are directed toward the palm to transmit a force to the object
precision grip
the forces are directed between the thumb and fingers - allows movement of the object relative to the hand and within the hand
At what month will child play using 3 jaw chuck?
10 months
what is the Role of cerebellum during grasp and lift task?
predictive control of grip forces
What will a cerebellar lesion do to grasp and lift tasks?
cause poor predictive control of grip forces
What will cortical lesions do to grasp and lift tasks?
cause normal timing of predictive grip forces but reduced response amplitudes
at what age do predictive abilities start to come in regards to eye head coordination?
5 months
At what age does more accurate reaching and grasping components occur?
4-5 months
At what age does pincer grip occur?
9-13 months
At what age do higher cognitive aspects begin to occur?
12 months
At what ages will the baby be able to bring hands to bottle but needs help holding it?
3-6 months
At what ages will the baby be able to hold the bottle independently and clean spoon with upper lip?
6-9 months
At what ages will the baby begin to eat pureed meats?
6-9 months
At what ages will the baby be able to eat smashed table food, experiment through a sippy cup, and drink through a straw?
9-12 months
At what ages will the baby be able to eat finely chopped food and move food from side to side in mouth?
12-18 month
At what age will baby be able feed themselves with a spoon?
18-24 months
At what ages will the baby be able to drink through open mouth cup and independently move towards independent eating?
24-36 months
At what age will the baby begin to use a fork?
36 months - 5 years
