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Landscape Ecology > FINAL EXAM > Flashcards

FINAL EXAM Flashcards

1
Q

What is a homogenous landscape?

A

The landscape is uniformed and have the same type of characteristics

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2
Q

What is a heterogenous landscape?

A

Heterogeneous meaning that they are made up of a variety of different characteristics.

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3
Q

Structure

A

indicates the way of the composition, and internal structure of an object.

Landscape structure is what the bird’s eyes see of the landscape in the the direction perpendicular or oblique to the surface of earth

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4
Q

Landscape structure gives information mainly about?

A
  • Proportion of different land use/cover.
  • To how many elements are these land use/cover categories differentiated? How big are they?
  • How these elements are distributed in the landscape.

TEX Intensively farmed landscape in the eastern Czech Republic in the honbice cadastre, near Chrudim (arable land makes up more than 90 % of the cadaster)
This information talks about the landscape structure.

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5
Q
  • Why does the landscape have a structure?
A

we know why the landscape is structured, due to the effects of natural and cultural landscape processes; its affected by man, and nature for example fire, earthquakes — Natural conditions affects people and people affects landscape. As a result we have landscape structure.

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6
Q
  • Can we objectively quantify landscape structure?
A

Yes, we can in terms of landscape metrics. Meaning we can calculate specific characteristics, producing numbers that somehow charactersis landscape structure.

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7
Q

What is TSES

A

The concept of the territorial system of ecological sustainability

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8
Q

What are structural compounds of landscape?

A
  • Landscape is composed of landscape segments
  • Landscape segments have a character of (from the structural point of view):

Patches, corridors, landscape matrix

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9
Q

Patches differ in following 5 basic characteristics:

A

1 Character (what land use/cover) land use
2 Origin (how did they come into being?)
3 Area (or other quantitative parameters)
4 Shape
5 Configuration in the landscape

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10
Q

Biocentre

A

A large area that allows for permanent existence of natural gene pools to exist and thrive in the landscape.

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11
Q

Bio corridor

A

Allows for biotic dispersal and migration between bio centers.

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12
Q

What’s a ecotone?

A

An ecotone is an area that acts as a boundary or a transition between two ecosystems.

(between dry and wet ecosystems), mangrove forests (between terrestrial and marine ecosystems), grasslands (between desert and forest)

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13
Q

Natural disturbance (patches and boundaries)

A

means that something has happen that creates a change or a void, the edges in the picture is due to freezing, cold weather that killed of some of the vegetation in the area.

Other natural impacts that can create patches  fire, freezing, flooding or a decide that impact vegetation.

(Boundaries tends to have very unique edges, some has ha convex or concave edge.)

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14
Q

What is an inter-digitated patch edge?

A

A inter-digitated is a patch with edges that looks like a hand or leaf, some is curvilinear which means wavey (linear is straight).

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15
Q

Edge

A

Outer area of a patch or ecological community

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16
Q

how big is a patch?

A

Are mostly in hectars, km2 or meters2

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17
Q

Why are patches important?

A

Because they significantly affect the flows of nutrients, energy and species;

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18
Q

Patch shape – why does it matter

A

Patch shape reflects effects of different management strategies
Patch shape has consequences for how the landscape functions
Because it is related to the edge effect and to flows of nutrients and species.

19
Q

Patch

A

= non-linear element that differs from its surroundings, (forest in agriculture, town in forest)

20
Q

Corridor

A

= linear element that differs from its surrounding, (road, through forest, hedgerow.)

21
Q

Matrix

A

= The dominant element/type in the landscape, the context, (urban, forest, agriculture).

22
Q

What creates heterogeneity?

A
  1. Substrate(=below) Heterogeneity: tex natural resource patches: hills, wet areas, rock outcrops.
  2. Natural Disturbances: Fires, hurricanes, insect, infestation…
  3. Human activity: foresting, farming, urban development
23
Q

Mosaic

A

Landscape pattern and structure

24
Q

Egde withs is determines by:

A
  1. Prevailing wind direction –> wind can blow around seeds
  2. Uphill and/or downhill pattern of the landscape –> When u have a uphill/downhill with wind moving the wind tend to move more rapidly based on air temperature.
  3. External forces such as sunlight & precipitation  when you have more sunlight and precipitation meaning that water can get in to the soil that will cause the edge to expand
25
Q

Woodes Corridors

A

Long areas of forested corridors

26
Q

Trough corridors

A

Definition of trough: Long shallow often V-shaped receptacle for drinking water or feed of domestic animals.

Ex: Conduit, deain, or channel for water: a trench

27
Q

Riparian corridors

A

– vegitation that excist next to a river.
-Creates connectivity in fragmented landscapes
-Stabilizes slopes and buffers from erosion
-Provides specicies movement
Foraging - the wildlife can eat, dispersal they can move around in the landscape, and migrate.

28
Q

Human made corridors

A

Tends to be straight

  1. Utility easements or routes – Examples  electric wiers, gas line, buried water line (man made corridors for utlity
  2. Roadways
  3. Railways
29
Q

Location Guidelines for Wildlife underpasses and Tunnels

A
  1. Crossings need to be species-specific
  2. Best where woodland and/or topography joins roadside
  3. Avoid areas with disturbances example dogs, noise, houses
  4. Make wide crossings over wetlands and watwecourses
  5. Provide multiple crossings points close together
  6. Provide salt and feeding stations away from road
30
Q

Edge with are determined by which 3 factors?

A
  1. Prevailing wind direction
  2. Uphill and/or downhill pattern of the landscape
  3. External forces such as sunlight & precipitation
31
Q

How do u expand an edge with a laid hedge and a liner brush pile?

A

Linear brush pile: a pile of brush wood, when the wood from the pile starts to decompose it might have seeds in it, and can also trap seed from the forest area, and thats make the area expand.

Laid hedge: is a still alive woven hedge that grows vertical.

32
Q

How do u expand an edge with a Drainage swale with wetlands-planting?

A

A swale is a smal waterchannel, a swale with wetlandsplanting allows the edge to expand over de swale.

33
Q

4 ways to expand a edge area

A

Laid hedge

Drainage swale with wetlands planting

Linear brush pile

Advancing shrub-forb edge

34
Q

Forman’s 4 important facts about patches

A
  1. maintaining a few large patches of natural vegetation.
  2. Wide vegetation corridors - almost all natural resources and human activities in a landscape depend on stream and river systems.
  3. Maintaining connectivity for movement of species among larger patches.
  4. Maintaining heterogeneous bits of the nature through human development areas
35
Q

How wide are forest patch edges?

A

Edge with are determined by:

  1. Equator-facing edges - Based on sunlight
  2. Prevailing wind direction - wind blow seeds
  3. Downhill/Uphill configuration
36
Q

5 typical corridors we see in landscape

A
  1. Riparian corridoes - haiking trails, green way
  2. Forest or highway edges
  3. Roads and trails
  4. Streams and rivers
  5. Utility easements
37
Q

What are the ecological importance of Riparian-corridors?

A
  1. Creates connectivity in fragmented landscapes
  2. Stabilize slopes and buffers from erosion
  3. provides movement for species for: foresting, dispersal and migration
38
Q

6 Corridor functions

A
  1. Habitat
  2. Conduit - area for movement
  3. Barrier - from what’s on the inside
  4. Filter -
  5. Source - where thing originated from
  6. Sink - thing collect in a sink
39
Q

The goal of the ecological network is

A

- Preservation and restauration of development of a natural conditions in the landscape

- Make positive influence /impact on surrounding landscape,

- Improoving conditions for multifunctional using of landscape

- Preservation of important landscape phenomena

40
Q

General definition of landscape

A

Landscape refers to a territory

This territory is usually complex, composed of elements that differ from each other in the area, shape and character

41
Q

How do we identify the matrix

A

1) Using the criteria of the relative area (landscape feature taking more than 50 % of the studied area refers to the matrix)

2) Based on the the conectivity criteria (matrix refers to the most continuous landscape feature)

42
Q

Natural landscape

A

characterized by natural vegetation

A natural landscape is made up of a collection of landforms, such as mountains, hills, plains, and plateaus. Lakes, streams, soils

43
Q

Different types of cultural landscape

A

The harmonious cultural landscapep

Disturbed cultural landscapep

Devastated cultural landscapep

Historic cultural landscape

44
Q

Three Principle Concepts of landscape (from Zonneveld)

A
  1. The perception Landscape (physiognomy or images) scenery plus sound, emotion synonyms with scenery
  2. The Landscape Pattern or structure (mosaic) common in the attribute sciences, most common in biological science approach to landscape ecology.
  3. The Landscape as an eco-system (comprehensive whole) each attribute is at once a component of – and acting and influenced by other components. These relationships however operate at different time scales – relates closely with the temporal scale of sustainability.

Landscape Ecology (3 decks)

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