FINAL EXAM Flashcards
An ___________ architecture consists of the basic information systems required by organizations to coordinate worldwide trade and other activities.
international information systems
The global business drivers can be divided into two groups:
General cultural factors and specific business factors.
The three main organizational issues in globalizing a business are:
- Choosing a strategy.
- Organizing the business structure. (decentralized, centralized, coordinated),
- Organizing the systems management area.
The four main types of information systems configuration are:
- Centralized systems: Systems development and operation occur totally at the domestic home base.
- Duplicated systems: Development occurs at the home base but operations are handed over to autonomous units in foreign locations.
- Decentralized systems: Each foreign unit designs its own unique solutions and systems.
- Networked systems: Systems development and operations occur in an integrated and coordinated fashion across all units.
Is a process used by companies to manage and integrate the important parts of their businesses.
Can also integrate planning, purchasing inventory, sales, marketing, finance, human resources, and more.
Enterprise resource planning (ERP)
Technology can be thought of as the application of scientific knowledge for practical purposes. It is composed by three elements:
- Hardware: It is the part of an information system you can touch (computers, keyboards, disk drives, iPads, and flash drives)
- Software: It is a set of instructions that tells the hardware what to do. Software is not tangible.
- Data: it is a collection of facts
It is a system model described as communication exchanges between two stations, transmitter and receiver.
Communication system
Types of communication systems:
Analog, digital, wired, wireless
Is the study, design, development, implementation, support or management of computer-based information systems—particularly software applications and computer hardware.
Is the application of technology to solve business or organizational problems on a broad scale.
Information technology
Science and practice of transmitting information by electromagnetic means.
Telecommunication
Is the process of establishing a mutually beneficial relationship with other business people and potential clients or customers. Refers to meeting other business owners, potential suppliers, or other professionals who have business experiences to help you grow your business.
Business networking
There are three primary pillars of responsibility for an IT department at a company:
- IT governance: This refers to the combination of policies and processes that ensure IT systems are effectively run and in alignment with the organization’s needs.
- IT operations: This refers to the daily work of an IT department.
- Hardware and infrastructure: This focus area refers to all the physical components of IT infrastructure.
A company that operates in its home country, as well as in other countries around the world. It maintains a central office located in one country, which coordinates the management of all its other branches or factories.
It derives at least a quarter of its revenues outside its home country.
Multinational corporation (MNC)
Multinational corporation (MNC)
a) Access to lower production costs
b) Proximity to target international markets
c) Avoidance of tariffs
Models of MNC’s:
a) Centralized: Its advantages are o avoid tariffs and import quotas and lower production costs.
b) Regional: It includes subsidiaries and affiliates that all report to the headquarters.
c) Multinational: The subsidiaries and affiliates are more independent in their operations.
The movements of passengers or freight from an origin to a destination relying on several modes of transportation. The exchange of freights is between two transportation modes.
Intermodal Transportation
The movements of passengers or freight from an origin to a destination relying on several modes of transportation. Technically it is the same as intermodal transportation, but requires a higher level of integration between carriers and terminal operators.
Multi-modal transportation
The movements of passengers or freight within the same mode of transportation.
Transmodal transportation
A logistically linked system using two or more transport modes with a single rate.
Multi-modal transportation network.
Part of supply chain management that plans, implements, and controls the efficient, effective forward and reverses flow and storage of goods, services and related information between the point of origin and the point of consumption in order to meet customers’ requirements
Logistics management
Is the process of sourcing goods and services from the international market across geopolitical boundaries.
Global Sourcing
__________ is also a globalization approach. This means that, instead of trying to fulfill the requirements of multiple markets, a product is to fully satisfy the needs of the place where it will be present in. Example: Automotive industry.
Localization
Is defined as the set of principles that guide the way things are planned and done at a manufacturing facility in order to get quality-compliant products, full customer satisfaction, flexibility in the production line, just-in-time manufacturing and a management style that continuously promote these characteristics (Maskell, 1991).
Global manufacturing
If a country imports more than it exports, more money is leaving the country than is coming in through export sales.
Deficit
The more a country exports, the more domestic economic activity is occurring. More exports means more production, jobs and revenue. Net exports increase the wealth of a country.
Surplus
Is a basket of securities that trade on an exchange, just like a stock. Can contain all types of investments including stocks, commodities, or bonds; some offer U.S. only holdings, while others are international.
Exchange traded fund (ETF)
Types of ETFs: They are available to investors that can be used for income generation, speculation, price increases, and to hedge or partly offset risk in an investor’s portfolio.
- Bond ETFs: Government bonds, corporate bonds, and state and local bonds called municipal bonds.
- Industry ETFs: Particular industry.
- Commodity ETFs: Crude oil or gold.
- Currency ETFs: Euro or Canadian dollar.
- Inverse ETFs: Earns gains from stock declines by shorting stocks.
is the science, art, and technology of Enclosing or protecting products for distribution, storage, sale, and use.
Can be described as a coordinated system of preparing goods for transport, warehousing, logistics, sale, and end use.
Packaging
Functions of Packaging:
- Protection Prevent breakage (mechanical protection)
- Prevent spoilage (barrier to moisture, gases, light, flavors and aromas)
- Prevent contamination, tampering and theft Increase shelf life
Is any written, electronic, or graphic communications on the packaging or on a separate but associated label. Display of information about a product on its container, packaging, or the product itself
Labeling
Are all activities associated with moving materials from source to destination. Can be associated with movement from a manufacturer or distributor to customers, retailers or other secondary warehousing / distribution points.
Distribution
Refers to overseeing the movement of goods from supplier or manufacturer to point of sale. Is an overarching term that refers to numerous activities and processes such as packaging, inventory, warehousing, supply chain and logistics.
Distribution management
Ensures that manufactured goods reach the customer quickly and reliably. (transport logistics, sales logistics).
Distribution logistics
Distribution logistics pursue three goals:
- Availability: They must always ensure that a sufficient quantity of products is available to customers.
- Cost minimization: High quality demands of the manufacturers require to keep shipping and delivery costs as low as possible.
- Influence: Distribution logisticians want to have the highest possible say in the marketing of their products.
Are an established science that uses many disciplines (anatomy, physiology, physics and biomechanics) to understand how people perform under different circumstances.
It’s the science of people at work. Primarily concerned with understanding human capabilities, and then designing the equipment, tools, systems, and processes of work.
Human Factors
Means that businesses, in addition to maximizing shareholder value, must
act in a manner that benefits society.
Social Responsibility
Is built on a system of ethics, in which decisions and actions must be ethically validated before proceeding. If the action or decision causes harm to society or the environment, then it would be socially irresponsible.
theory of social responsibility
Means doing the right thing, knowing that moral values that are inherent in society
create a distinction between right and wrong
Business ethics
• Objectives of Global HRM
- Create a local appeal without compromising upon the global identity.
- Generating awareness of cross-cultural sensitivities among managers globally and hiring of staff
across geographic boundaries. - Training upon cultures and sensitivities of the host country.
Is a tax imposed by a nation on imported goods. It may be a charge per
unit, a percentage of the value of the goods, or a combination.
Tariff barriers
Is the process of bringing or introducing new products or services to market.
Commercialization
Commercialization Phases
- The ideation phase: Ideation attempts to generate new products and services that meet unanswered
consumer demands. It solves “The Four Ps,” which stand for product, price, place, and promotion. - Business process stage: Products most functional designs align with the company’s business model,
by offering high benefits at low cost. - Stakeholder stage: Research and development (R&D) should put a value on the product that could
potentially result in increased profitability for the company and satisfies both its customer and stakeholder
needs.
Types or Organizational Structures: Organizational structure arises during the process of organization
and the goal of the board is to increase the value of the firm.
- Process Structure
- Unit Structure
- Linear organizational structure
- Functional organizational structure
- Staff and line organizational structure
- Functional structure
- Divisional structure
- Hybrid structure
- Matrix structure
It offers a wide variety of products or services. Every product makes its own
“department” and it creates the different branches below it, such as marketing, finance, production,
development.
Product Structure
It is used by corporations, which conduct business in many markets. The
departments are created based on the locations/countries/continents and the subsidiaries have high
degree of autonomy
Geographic structure
Each function creates one department, which is responsible for a specialization
for the whole firm.
Functional Structure
It follows a top-down approach, with one-way communication from bosses to employees. It’s controlling, makes all decisions and holds all the power.
Autocratic management styles
Managers dictate exactly what they require their subordinates to do and punish those who do not comply. Clear direction, roles, hierarchies and control.
Authoritative management style
Managers use their persuasive skills to convince employees that the unilateral decisions that the manager implements are for the good of the team. Trust.
Persuasive management style
The manager acts with the best interests of their subordinates at heart. Loyalty and trust.
Paternalistic management style
Democratic management styles: Managers encourage employees to give input during the decision-making process, but are ultimately responsible for the final decision.
a) Consultative management style: Managers ask for the opinions and thoughts of their team, consulting the viewpoints of every member of their team.
o b) Participative management style: Managers and staff are all active members of the decision process.
o c) Collaborative management style: Management creates an open forum for ideas to be discussed extensively before making decisions based on majority rule.
o d) Transformational management style: Managers focus their efforts on pushing their staff to achieve accomplishments through encouragement, pushing them past their comfort zones regularly, and consistently motivating their teams to raise their bar for achievements.
o e) Coaching management style: The manager’s job is to develop and guide their team, putting their team’s professional development at the forefront of their priorities.
