Final Exam Flashcards
What are the types of broadcasting?
- Television Broadcasting (Terrestrial broadcasting, CATV broadcasting and Satellite Broadcasting)
- Radio Broadcasting
- Data Broadcasting
- DMB (Digital Media Broadcasting)
What is a PP vs. SO?
PP is a Programme Provider and SO is a System Operator
What are the types of PP?
- Terrestrial Broadcasting Channels
- Four General Programming Channels
- News, Culture, Sport, Movie etc.
- Homeshopping Channels
What is a SO?
A cable broadcasting station in allocated cable TV broadcasting regions
What is a PP?
Provide (sell) broadcast channel (programmes) to SO
What is a NO?
NO is a network operator. SO rent hybrid fibre (coaxial) network from many NO
What is a MSO?
MSO is a multiple system operator.
A media company which operates several cable TV broadcasting stations.
What is a MSO?
MSO is a multiple system operator.
A media company which operates several cable TV broadcasting stations.
A single SO refers to a media company which operates only a cable television broadcasting station.
What is a MPP?
MPP is a multiple programme provider.
A media company which operates several broadcasting channels.
What is a MSP?
MSP is a multiple system operator and programme provider.
Operate several SOs and PPs.
What is Radio Broadcasting?
An audio (sound) broadcasting service.
What is Data Broadcasting?
Supplemental information broadcasting which is sent by television stations along with digital TV.
Often provides news, weather, traffic etc which may or may not relate to the programme(s) it is carried with.
What is IPTV?
IPTV is Internet Protocol Television (A.K.A. Internet Multimedia Broadcasting).
What is General Programming Channel?
Special PP which is able to broadcast all three types of programmes (news, culture and entertainment).
What are the two programming definitions?
Narrow definition:
The act of choosing and scheduling programmes on a radio station, a TV channel, a subscription channel or website.
Broad definition:
Overall act of selecting (purchasing), planning, scheduling, promoting and evaluating programmes.
What are the parts of the ‘Four Part Programming Model’?
- Selection
- Scheduling
- Promotion
- Evaluation
What is the primary goal of programming?
Maximise the size of the target audience or audience (for making more profit) by satisfying the needs and wants of the audience.
What are mass-appeal channels?
Programmers go after as many viewers as possible from the total audience.
Example: Terrestrial TV networks, general programming channels, larger cable TV and internet services.
What are speciality channels?
A.K.A Niche channels
Programmers go after as many viewers as possible from the target audience (particularly audience subgroups of the total audience).
Example: Sports/children/movie channels and premium channels.
What are the five elements of programming strategies?
- Compatibility
- Habit Formation
- Control of the Audience Flow
- Conservation of Programme Resources
- Breadth of Appeal
What is compatibility?
Scheduling strategies of programs take advantage of the fact that programs can be timed to coincide with what people do throughout the daily cycles of their lives
What is habit formation?
Scheduling programs tried to establish tuning habits of audience strategies.
What is control of audience flow?
Programmers try to (1) maximise number of audience members that FLOW IN from competing channels and (2) minimise number of audience members FLOW OUT to competing channels
What is conservation of programme resources?
Refers to effective usage of own programs
What is breadth of appeal?
Can be divided into either (1) narrow appeal to a (few) social group(s) or (2) broad appeal to many different social group(s)
What are the factors of selection?
- Audience Habits
- Cost
- Compatibility
- Talent availability
- Differentiation
- Trendiness
- Novelty
What are the factors of scheduling?
- Hammocking
- Blocking
- Compatibility
- Ranking
- Inherited Viewing
- Competition
What are the factors of promotion?
- Clutter
- Location
- Frequency
- Construction
- Distance
- Familiarity
What are the factors of evaluation?
- Tolerance levels
- Audience share
- Genre trends
- Stock value
- Technology
- Design styles
What are external influences?
- Technological influences
- Economic influences
- Ownership influences
- Regulatory influences
- Ethical influences
What are external influences?
- Technological influences
- Economic influences
- Ownership influences
- Regulatory influences
- Ethical influences
What is general programming?
An act of organising broadcast programs in order to mutual harmony between the diverse fields such as news report, culture and entertainment
What is specialised programming?
An act of specially organising broadcasting programs of a particular broadcast field with registration system except news reports broadcast field/home-shopping channels
What are the two types of classic programming strategies?
- Intra-channel programming strategies
2. Inter-channel programming strategies
What are the types of Intra-channel programming channels?
- Stripping
- Checker-boarding
- Blocking
- Doubling
- Hammocking
- Tent-poling (linch-pinning)
- Anchoring
- Leading-in
- Seamlessness
What are the types of Inter-channel programming services?
- Blunting (power programming)
- Counter-programming
- Stunting
- Bridging (cross programming)
What is stripping?
Scheduling of the same programme from Monday to Friday (or Saturday/Sunday) in the same broadcasting time slot
What is checker-boarding?
Scheduling (rotating) of different programmes (in similar genre) in a particular broadcasting time slot (zone)
What is blocking?
Scheduling of similar programmes in adjacent time slots
What is doubling?
Consecutive scheduling of two episodes of a programme - run right after one another
What is ham mocking?
Inserting of a new programme in the middle of two established programmes
What is tent-poling?
Scheduling of new (or weak) programmes before and after a strong/popular (=linchpin) in order to hold or brace the programmes
What is anchoring?
Beginning an evening (prime-time) with an especially strong programme (=anchor show or lead off)
What is leading-in?
Placing of a strong programme (=lead-in) before a weaker or any new programme in order to give it a jump start
What is seamlessness?
Intends to accelerate the flow between programmes by eliminating the (commercial) breaks between the programmes
What is blunting?
Scheduling of a programme with identical appeal of other competing channels in order to blunt the competition (between/among networks)
What is counter-programming?
Scheduling of programmes to pull viewers away from competitors by offering a programme which has completely different appeal compared to the programme on competing channels
What is stunting?
Altering of the regular programme schedule at the last minute
What is bridging and the three variations?
Programmes start or end at different times over the competing programming
-Three variations:
- Regular use of long-form programmes (1.5 hours or more)
- Long form programmes run past (=pass) competing programmes (lead-offs) - Starting and ending programmes at odd times
- Variation causes programmes programmes to run past the starting and ending points of other competing programmes - Scheduling 30min programmes against hour-long programmes on other competing networks (channels)
What are OTT services?
OTT services are over-the-top media services which are often provided to viewers over the internet.
Media content service which is providing broadcasting programmes, movies, and/or other types of content through internet
What is a Zero TV home?
Home that neither subscribes to any pay-TV services nor uses antenna to boost broadcasting signals for over-the-top (=terrestrial) broadcasters
What is cord-cutting?
Cancellation of traditional TV services in favour of less expensive options such as OTT services
What is cord-shaving?
Switching to a cheaper package of channels.
Subscribers either disconnect from premium channels or reduce number of pay-TV channels
What is simultaneous consumption?
Consumption of media content with two or more display devices
What is social viewing?
While watching TV alone, viewers are connected to other people with second screen (smartphone, tablet) and are talking (discussion and shared opinions) with those about the programme they are watching
What is a metaverse?
The concept of a future iteration of the internet, made up of persistent, shared 3D virtual spaces linked into a perceived virtual universe
Cost Per Subscription
Pay-TV platforms (cable TV, satellite TV, IPTV) should pay some amount of money to terrestrial networks (KBS, MBS, SBS). When they pay to the terrestrial networks, they pay some amount of money based on a subscribed user
Between Channels
Another name for Home-shopping Channels
Broadcasting Act; Article 9
- A person who intends to operate a terrestrial broadcasting business, GPC or news-reports specialisation channels shall obtain a license of the Korea Communications Commission
- A person who intends to operate a CATV broadcasting business (SO), CATV relay business, satellite broadcasting business, commodity presentation and sales broadcasting channels shall obtain a license from MoS and ICT
Content Clustering
Placing channels on a tier according to their content and appeal
Regulation of Programming of SO
- SO must provide at least 70 channels
- SO must include two or more news-specialised channels
- SO must operate a local channel
- SO must simultaneously retransmit KBS1 and EBS channels, and retransmit 4 GPCS
- Must provide at least 3 public interest channels and channel(s) for disabled person welfare
- Must provide at least 3 religious channels
Programming Strategies of PP
- Utilise terrestrial broadcasting networks programming strategies
- Use different prime time zones
- Repetition programming strategy
- Marathons
- Blocking
- Rotation
- Segmentation of Genre
IPTV
Broadcasting service that is based on internet high-speed broadband connection, it means a convergence service of internet (communication) + broadcasting
IPTV Bundling Services
- DPS (Double Play Service) - bundling of two different services
- Example: broadcasting channel + internet
- TPS (Triple Play Service) - bundling of three different services
- Example: broadcasting channel + internet + mobile
- QPS TPS (Quadruple Play Service) - bundling of four different services
- Example: broadcasting channel + internet +mobile + internet telephone
VOD Services
Video-on-demand is an interactive TV technology that allows subscribers to view broadcasting programmes on movies later
Holdback Period
In Korea, holdback period refers to the waiting time period that subscribers of pay-TV services are able to watch terrestrial networks broadcasting programs without paying extra money on pay-TV VOD services
Pay per month
New type of content package to make money - VOD pack
Longtail Services
- IPTV including other pay-TV services consult differential and/or unique content to make extra earnings or profit. This is a kind of niche marketing strategy
- For example, IPTV prepares and sells unrevealed videos (special addition, NG scenes, original uncut version etc.)
- Long tail law: sales of bottom 80% of the total of products or items (=niche items) exceeds sale of top 20%
- Paleto law (principle): 80% of sales and profitability come from about top rank 20% of total product offered by manufacturer
A La Carte
Customers are allowed to select individual components for purchase rather than preferred prefix channel packages
Terrestrial DMB Service
Free broadcasting service based on advertising sales - no initial subscription or monthly fees
TPEG
- ‘Transport protocol expert group’
- Service displays real-time traffic info on DMB monitors
- Additionally, traffic flow and jams (prediction), public transportation info, shortcuts, weather, parking info
Radio Broadcasting Characteristics
- Radio broadcasting (RB) requires low capitals in establishing and operating
- The equipment for radio broadcasting are simple and inexpensive, compared to TV Broadcasting
- Operation cost of radio broadcasting is comparatively lower than that of TV Broadcasting
- RB is easy to realise localism
- Due to the requirements of low capital
- Due to the low advertising costs
- RB is easy to make audiences (listeners) participate actively
- Radio is very interactive medium
- Letters, message board, text messages, phone
- RB is an eye-free service (only listening) and prompt imagination
- RB allows audiences to multitask
Format Programming
- Single format programming:
- Korean Traditional Radio Broadcasting, Classic Radio Broadcasting
- US case
- Multiple format programming:
- Music + News + Traffic Info. + Weather Info + Talk Show
- It is similar to general programming
Format Programming
- Single format programming:
- Korean Traditional Radio Broadcasting, Classic Radio Broadcasting
- US case
- Multiple format programming:
- Music + News + Traffic Info. + Weather Info + Talk Show
- It is similar to general programming
Podcast
An episodic series of digital audio or video files which a user can download in order to listen to. It is often available for subscription, so that new episodes are automatically downloaded to the users’ own mobile application or portable media player
OTT
Internet-based Online Video Distribution Services
VOD Types
- AVOD: Advertising Video on Demand (YouTube)
- TVOD: Transaction Video on Demand (purchasing per content)
- SVOD: Subscription Video on Demand (Netflix)
- Hybrid VOD: realtime TV Channel + SVOD
