final exam Flashcards
what kind of antibiotic organism cannot be killed by regular hand soap?
Vancomycin resistant enterococci
what does excessive fluid do to our vascular?
overload
what are modifiable risk factors?
stress, weight, alcohol, smoking, cigarette
how do you diagnose HTN?
2 BP on 2 separate occasions
what organs does HTN mostly effect?
eyes, brain, heart, kidneys
what are complications of uncontrolled HTN?
myocardial infraction, heart failure, cva, blurry vision, renal disease
Hypertensive crisis (emergency)
BP:>180/20 and indication of organ damage
what are s/s of HTN crisis?
severe headache, seizures, nausea, blurred vision, nausea
How do you treat HTN crisis?
admit to icu with IV emergency drugs (nipride, cardene, nitroglycerin, or labetalol)
pre hypertension levels?
130-139 (systolic)/80-89 (Diastolic)
what medication can cause a chronic hacking cough?
Ace Inhibitor
what medication would be be administered to an asthmatic or COPD patient? why?
beta blocker, binds together and blocks epinephrine
nursing consideration for monitoring patient on diuretic?
lowers bp, orthostatic hypotension, dehydration, potassium, bananas, apricots
atherosclerosis
artery NARROWING due to lipids, inflammation, erosion
arteriosclerosis
HARDENING and THICKENING of arteries from calcium deposits
how would you prevent a PVD?
control diabetes mellitus, educate on diet, prevent smoking
what are the 6 p’s of an arterial embolism?
pain, pallor, pulselessness, paresthesia, poilokilothermia, paralysis
s/s of venous disease
skin discoloration, thick brownish around ankles, bluish feet, edema, cellulitis, necrosis and gangrene
PAD most common cause is?
atherosclerosis
treatment for PAD?
exercise, and smoking cessation (stop)
s/s of PAD?
intermittent claudication (pain effecting calf), arterial ulcers, older adult consideration
what is an aneurysm?
bulging blood vessel, outpouching of the wall of an artery, resulting from a structural defect.
once develops, it continues to grow larger and may rupture
treatment for aneurysm?
surgery, focus on lower blood pressure and treat pain. maintain stress, safety
what needs to be verified if patient taking thiazides?
allergy (sulfa drug)
what do you monitor in a patient on antihypertensive medication?
blood pressure and heart rate
beta blockers can mask symptoms of hypoglycemia. what patient base would need additional education when taking this med?
diabetic patient
what electrolyte would be a concern if patient is on a diuretic?
potassium
intermitent claudication
pain when walking, goes away when resting
difference between cellulitis and ulcer
cellulitis- inflammation
ulcer- pooling
what is the priority concern for a patient on a “clot buster” medication?
no green leafy veggies, fall risk, safety, check INR & PTT levels
what would you teach a patient diagnosed with raynaud’s disease on how to care for their condition?
protect extremities, avoid cold temp, decrease caffeine, stop smoking, non restive clothing
how do you treat varicose veins?
elastic support hose
how do you prevent varicose veins?
exercising the legs & feet periodically,
decrease alcohol
elevate legs whenever possible
venous stasis ulcer are caused from what?
insufficient vein stasis
decreased perfusion
what is the range for normal insulin levels?
70 to 120 mg/dL
what does insulin do?
stimulates storage of glucose as glycogen in liver and muscles
inhibits gluconeogeneis
enhances fat deposition
cardinal signs of diabetes?
polyuria polydipsia polyphagia weight loss fatigue
cardinal signs of diabetes?
polyuria polydipsia polyphagia weight loss fatigue
what complication of diabetes cause sweat breath?
ketones in blood
what are the tests to check for pre diabetes?
fasting glucose, glucose tolerance
what blood glucose range is considered diabetes?
over 120
what is secondary diabetes caused from?
results from another medical condition: cushing syndrome hyperthyroidsm pancreatitis parental nutrition cystic fibrosis hemochromatosis
what organ is the master gland?
pituitary gland
what is a healthy a1c?
less than 5.7
which gland secretes hormones and which ones are they?
posterior gland
what does the posterior pituitary gland secrete?
ADH
what hormones does the thyroid secrete?
t3 & t4
what happens on the body when there is too much thyroid hormones?
hyperthyroidism- graves and goiter
how do you care for a patient with too much thyroid hormone?
antithyroidism. radioactive iodine treatment
the parathyroid gland produces calcitonin to regulate what?
calcium glucanate
what are the two catecholamines secreted by the adrenal medulla?
epinephrine and norepinephrine
what are the hormones called secreted from the adrenal cortex?
adrenal corticosteroid
how do you prevent a goiter?
low iodine
headaches, visual changes, anosmia, or seizures are symptoms of a tumor in what gland?
adrenal gland
what are the s/s of hypothyroidism?
brittle nails intolerance to cold hearing loss apathy dry skin weight loss
acute thyroiditis and nursing management
(bacterial/fungal) increased pain malise dysphagia antibiotics
subacute thyroiditis
(viral) increased temp pain in jaw pain in ear ASA, nsaids, steroid
chronic thyroiditis
(hashimoto) autoimmune anti-thyroid normal tissue thyroid hormones
SIADH (syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone) treatment
(too much ADH)
restrict fluids to 500 to 1000 mL/day
adminsoter sodium chloride diuretics and demeclicycline
DI
not enough ADH
large goiter nursing priority?
monitor for tachycardia, palpitations, nervousness, fatigue
exophthalmos is s/s of what disorder?
graves disease (immune disorder) thyroid overproduces hormones
