Final Exam Flashcards
Any substances that modify (enhance, inhibits, or distorts) mental and/or physical body functioning
Drug
The unintentional or inappropriate use of the prescribed or over the counter (OTC) types of drugs
Drug Misuse
Substances that affect the central nervous systems and/or alter consciousness and/or perceptions
Psychoactive Drug
Taking or consuming drugs
Drug Use
The willful (more intense) misuse of either legal or illegal drugs for the purpose of recreation, perceived necessity, or convenience
Drug Abuse
The existence of both psychological dependence and physical dependence on at least one illicit substance such as marijuana, cocaine, meth, heroin, etc.
Drug Addiction
- Effects are multiplied (enhanced)
- Expressed as 2+2=10
- Ex: alcohol and barbiturates
Synergistic effect
prevent the drug activation)
o Inhibition – the effects of one drug are eliminated or reduced by the presence of another drug
o Work at same receptor (mimic neurotransmitters)
o Ex: alcohol and antibiotics
Antagonistic effect
- Summation of effects of drugs taken concurrently
- Expressed as 1 + 1 = 2
- Ex. Aspirin and codeine (opioid agonist)
Additive effects
- Outcomes of self-directed or interpersonal violence
- Examples: Assaults, rapes, suicides, homicides
- Can be perpetrated against family members, community members, or complete strangers
Intentional injuries
- Refers to injuries that were unplanned
- The cause of nearly two-thirds of all injury-related deaths in the U.S. (e.g., 146,571 deaths in 2014)
- A major community health problem
- Overall, fifth leading cause of death in the U.S
Unintentional injuries
• The difference between
o Dose that produces the desired therapeutic effect in most patients
o Lowest dose that produces an unacceptable toxic reaction
Safety Margin
o Can be legally bought and sold in the marketplace
o Ex: alcohol, nicotine, over-the-counter drugs, prescription drugs
Legal drugs
o Those regulated by the Controlled Substances Act of 1970
o Cannot be cultivated, manufactured, bought, sold, or used within the confines of the law
o Ex: marijuana, heroin, cocaine, hallucinogens, stimulants, depressants, anabolic drugs, inhalants, etc.
Illegal (illicit) drugs and controlled substances
Understand drug abuse in college students
- In the US, 50% of all full-time college students (3.8 million) binge drink, abuse medications, or abuse illegal drugs.
- Drug addiction among college students has a higher rate of prevalence that that of the general population
- 1 in 4 of the Nation’s college students (22.9%) meet the medical criteria for substance abuse
• Requires knowledge of:
o Causes of drug-taking behavior
o Sources of illicit drugs
o Drug laws
o Treatment programs
o Community organizing skills
• Persistence and cooperation of various individuals and agencies
o Education- (Scare tactics) show the potential negative consequences of drug use
o War on drugs – laws and policies to reduce illegal drug use
o Multimodal approach – most effective when young people are taught to differentiate drug use, misuse, and abuse
o Harm reduction strategies – practical approaches to reducing negative consequences of drug use
o New campaign – not shaming
Understand prevention and control of drug abuse
o Education- (Scare tactics) show the potential negative consequences of drug use
o War on drugs – laws and policies to reduce illegal drug use
o Multimodal approach – most effective when young people are taught to differentiate drug use, misuse, and abuse
o Harm reduction strategies – practical approaches to reducing negative consequences of drug use
o New campaign – not shaming
Understand prevention and control of drug abuse Part 2
• Primary prevention
o Aims at those who have never used drugs
• Secondary prevention
o Aims at those who have used, but are not chronic abusers
• Tertiary prevention
o Aims at drug abuse treatment and aftercare, including relapse prevention
Understand drug prevention (e.g., primary, secondary and tertiary prevention)
Aim to reduce either the supply or demand for drugs
Include a multitude of federal, state, and local agencies
Policies of drug prevention & control
- Drug users are found anywhere – occupations, income levels, social class, any age
- No one is immune to drug use which can lead to dependence
- Use us is not abuse
- Most users of any given substance don’t abuse or depend on it
- Abuse happens with legal drug as much as illegal drugs
- Misuse can lead to addiction
- Drug and alcohol abuse contribute to over 120,000 death in US a year
- Illegal drug use has huge financial burden on economy (181bil)
- Drug and alcohol is on of US most expensive community health issues
- Although drug use in US fallen 50% in last 20 years, the last 10 have shown increase of certain drugs by adolescents
General Principles of Drug Use
• Education
o Process of changing people’s health-directed behavior
o (e.g., speeding, aggressive driving, alcohol us, etc.)
• Automatic protection
o Modifying products or environments to reduce risk
• Regulation
o Enacting and enforcing laws to control behavior
• Litigation
o Seeking justice for injury through courts
Understand community approaches to injury prevention
o Leading type of unintentional injury death (e.g., 33,700 deaths in 2015) o Leading cause of nonfatal unintentional injury o Majority of those killed (2015) are Drivers Passengers Motorcycle riders Pedestrians Pedal cyclists
75% of the crashes occur within 25 miles of home at speeds less than 40 miles per hours
Teens are involved in 15% of all fatal crashes
Driver inexperience is the main reason for these vehicle crashes
Most motor crashes are a result of human error. The 5 most common reasons are:
• Excessive speed – 2/3rd of all crashes
• Aggressive driving – most are due to bad habit
• Driver distraction – caused by fatigue and sleepiness, cellular phones, passengers in the car, performing other task at the same time as driving, etc.
• Alcohol and other drugs use
• Nonuse of safety equipment – seat belts, front/side airbags
Motor Vehicle Crashes - Identify the type of unintentional injury and understand the summary
o Second leading cause of unintentional injury death
Unintentional ingestion of fatal doses of medicines and drugs
Consumption of toxic foods
o Exposure to toxic substances in the workplace or elsewhere
o Most cases occur in the home
o Ingestion is the most common route of poisoning exposure (77% of cases)
o Approximately 50% of cases involve nondrug substances, such as common household products (e.g., cosmetics, personal care items, cleaning solutions, foreign bodies, etc.)
Poisoning - Identify the type of unintentional injury and understand the summary
o Third leading cause of unintentional injury death
o Leading cause of injury-related ED visits
o Most cases occur in the home
o Disproportionately affect elders
Incidence
Mortality
Of those who are hospitalized, about 50% will not be alive a year later
In 2000, traumatic brain injury accounted for 46% of fatal falls
Cost
Fall-related injuries are among the most expensive health conditions
In 2000, $179 million were spent on fatal falls and $19 billion were spent on injuries from non-fatal falls
Falls - Identify the type of unintentional injury and understand the summary
• Recognition (e.g., identify agents) • Anticipation • Evaluation • Control (e.g., elimination/substitution of causative factors) Prevention strategies • Environmental designs • Administrative controls • Behavior strategies
Understand 4 fundamental tasks for preventing and controlling unintentional injuries in the work place
Model for unintentional injuries – triangle
Environment (top), host (BL), and agent (BR) (or energy producing agent)
• Prevent accumulation of energy producing agent
o Reducing speed limits, lowering settings on hot water heaters
o Placing barrier between host and agent
o Sunscreen, non-heat handles on cookware, nonslip surfaces
SEPARATE HOST FROM POTENTIALLY dangerous sources of injury
Explain the triangle model for unintentional injuries
