Exam 1 Flashcards
Epidemic across an extensive geographic region (e.g., multiple countries or continent)
Pandemic
is Community level based on the explicit consideration of multiple levels of influences. Ecology was derived from biological science and refers to the interrelations between organisms and their environments
Can incorporate constructs from models that focus on psychological, social, and organizational levels of influences to provide a comprehensive framework for integrating multiple theories, along with consideration of environments and policy in the broader community
Ecological model
Health status of people who are not organized (or not defined); have no identity as a group. Examples: men younger than 50, adolescents, prisoners, white-collar workers, etc.
Population health
The most inclusive term; Closed to community health, but it includes a broader (e.g., the governmental) actions and conditions to promote, protect, and preserve people’s health
Public health
Proportion of persons who have a particular disease or attribute at a specified point in time in a given population:
Prevalence
Point Prevalence:
Cross-sectional prevalence
Period Prevalence
Presence over longer period
Prevalence Rate Equation
of cases/population X 100
The health status of “a defined group of people” and the actions and conditions to promote, protect, and preserve their health
Community health
number of new cases (or deaths) occurring in a specified population per year
No acknowledgement of differences based on potential confounding variables, such as age, race, sex, income, etc., that impacts the outcome.
Crude Rate
Measures the frequency of a new event (new illness cases) occurring in a population over a period of time
Incidence
Ecology is derived from biological science and refers to the interrelations between organisms and their environments
Ecological Model, as they have evolved in behavioral sciences and public health, focuses on the nature of people’s transactions with their physical and socio-cultural surroundings, which is environments
Ecological perspective-
Time surrounded by - Groups or Populations & Their Characteristics; Environment (Culture, Physiological Factors, Ecological Elements); Causative Factors (Biological, Chemical, Physical)
Epidemiology Triangle - Advanced
Time surrounded by - Host, Environment, Infectious Agent
Epidemiology Triangle - Traditional
Levels of disease
Endemic - Persistent low to moderate disease level
Hyper-endemic - Persistent high disease level
Epidemic - Exceeding expected levels
Pandemic - Epidemic across an extensive geographic region (e.g., multiple countries or continent)
Endemic - Persistent low to moderate disease level
Hyper-endemic - Persistent high disease level
Epidemic - Exceeding expected levels
Pandemic - Epidemic across an extensive geographic region (e.g., multiple countries or continent)
Levels of disease
Compares the risk of an event between two groups;
• “Measure of Association”
• Quantifies the relationship (association) between exposure (or independent variable) and disease
Relative risk
Level of disease: Exceeding expected levels
Epidemic
When new cases occur rapidly over a short period of time in a well-defined population, the incidence rate is referred to as….
Also called as the cumulative incidence rate
In usual, the rate base for attack rate is 100
EX) On June 20, 2017, the cases of diarrhea were reported to the District Health Officer in Stillwater, OK. The illness placed soon after eating contaminated food at a high-school picnic. Attack rates were calculated for each of the foods, with the highest attack rate for cholate cake. Of those who ate the cholate cake, 52 were ill and 8 were not ill, yielding an attack rate of 87%
Attack rate
Study of the occurrence and distribution of disease Summarizes the distribution of a health-related state or event according to: • Who? (Person) • Person characteristics • Where? (Place) • Geographic extent • When? (Time) • Time (temporal) variables • Used when little is known about the disease • Rely on preexisting data • Who, where, when, what • Illustrate potential associations
Descriptive epidemiology
- Further studies to determine why and how diseases or conditions occur
• Used when insight about various aspects of disease is available
• Rely on development of new data
• Why, how
• Evaluates the causality of association
Analytic epidemiology-
is Community level based on the explicit consideration of multiple levels of influences. Ecology was derived from biological science and refers to the interrelations between organisms and their environments
Can incorporate constructs from models that focus on psychological, social, and organizational levels of influences to provide a comprehensive framework for integrating multiple theories, along with consideration of environments and policy in the broader community
Ecological Model, as they have evolved in behavioral sciences and public health, focuses on the nature of people’s transactions with their physical and socio-cultural surroundings, which is environments
Overall summary of ecological model
- There are multiple influences on specific health behaviors (think of the levels)
- Influences on behaviors interact across these different levels
- Ecological model should be behavior-specific, identifying the most relevant potential influences at each level
- Multi-level interventions should be the most effective in changing behavior
What are the core principles of the ecological model?
What are the core principles of the ecological model?
- Multiple influences on specific health behaviors (think of the levels)
- Influences on behaviors interact across these different levels
- Ecological model should be behavior-specific, identifying the most relevant potential influences at each level
- Multi-level interventions should be the most effective in changing behavior
The “close and continuous observation of one or more persons for the purpose of direction, supervision, or control.”
From the French sur (over) and veiller (to watch)
Systematic ongoing:
• Collection
• Analysis
• Interpretation
• Dissemination
• Of health data
Monitor health events
• Detect sudden changes in disease occurrence and distribution
• Follow long-term trends and patterns of disease
• Identify changes in agent and host factors
• Detect changes in health care
Who Performs
Public health department (local, state, federal)
Medical professionals (doctors, nurses, clinics)
Pharmacies
Epidemiologists
Emergency responders (911 centers, emergency management technicians)
Health insurance providers
Understand the activities of public health surveillance
• What is “Health”? How would you define it?
o The definition of health has changed over time
• Different things to different people
• It is now considered a multidimensional concept that includes:
• -Physical, emotional, social, mental and environmental aspects
• “A state of complete _physical___, __mental___ and social well-being__ and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity” (WHO)
What are the concepts of health?