Final - Enlightenment

Question 1

When did Louis the XIV issue an edict from Knox to give Heugonauts religious freedom?

Answer 1

This was in 1685.

Question 2

Who was Voltaire?

Answer 2

Born Francois Marie Arouet born in 1694 died in 1778, “Voltaire” was a very influential historian, poet, writer, and social commentator. Voltaire attended college at Louis-LeGrand (1704-10) where he encountered teachers of deistic learnings. By 1716 Voltaire was involved in Biblical criticism. Francois changed his name to Voltaire in 1718 as a response to his father. Voltaire arrived in Geneva in 1754 to woo the Reformed Christians to deism.

Question 3

Who was Jean-Jacques Rousseau?

Answer 3

Rousseau was born in Geneva in 1712 and died in 1778. He became a very influential French philosopher, writer, and composer. Rousseau’s main philosophy was that of returning to nature. He famously said, “I gave up my sword and sold my watch, saying to myself with unbelievable delight, “Heaven be praised, I shall not need to know the time anymore.” Rousseau’s philosophical ideas would be heavily criticized by Voltaire and in one instance Rousseau famously said to Voltaire, “Sir, I hate you”. Rousseau’s treatise and novels inspired the leaders of the French Revolution. His political philosophy influenced the progress of the Enlightenment throughout Europe, as well as aspects of the French Revolution and the development of modern political, economic and educational thought.

Question 4

Who was the most influential individual in Geneva towards Enlightenment?

Answer 4

Voltaire’s influence in Geneva started a shift from orthodox Christianity to enlightenment philosophies. Voltaire wanted to woo reformists towards a Deistic view.

Question 5

Who was Jean-Alphonse Turretin?

Answer 5

Jean-Alphonse Turretin (1671–1737) was the son of Francis Turretin (Famous Theologian) and was an influential theologian and professor in Geneva. Jean-Alphonse was highly influential in promoting liberal Christian thought, questioning Reformed Church creeds and confessions. In 1705 Jean-Alphonse led a movement that rejected Calvinistic thought and confessions. He famously removed the requirement for Pastors to conform to the Helvetic confessions and then removed this requirement altogether in 1725.

Question 6

What was the playbook of the Reformed Church?

Answer 6

The reformed church established a playbook for disseminating reformed thought by creating a three-pronged approach of the church, publishing organization, and college. This was the key to the success of the Reformation. This playbook is following by Ligonier ministries, St. Andrews Chapel, and Reformation Bible College today.

Question 7

What led to the shift from Reformation to the Enlightenment?

Answer 7

There were three main events and eras that led to the Enlightenment:

1. The 30 years war (1618-1648)
2. Civil Wars (1642-1651)
3. The glorious revolution (1688)
4. Science and mathematics advancements from 1473 (Copernicus) to 1727 with Isaac Newton.

Question 8

When was the American revolutionary war?

Answer 8

Between 1775 - 1783.

Question 9

When was the French revolutionary war?

Answer 9

Between 1789 - 1799.

Question 10

Who was Pole Nicolaus Copernicus?

Answer 10

Pole Nicolaus Copernicus (1473–1543). Copernicus was a mathematician and astronomer that took us from a geocentric to a heliocentric understanding of the planetary system. This had a significant effect on what was originally believed by the Church.

Question 11

Who was Johannes Kepler?

Answer 11

Johannes Kepler (1571–1630). He was a German astronomer, mathematician, and astrologer. He is a key figure in the 17th-century scientific revolution, best known for his laws of planetary motion, and his books Astronomia nova, Harmonices Mundi, and Epitome Astronomiae Copernicanae.

Question 12

Who was Galileo Galilei?

Answer 12

Galileo Galilei (1564–1642). He was an Italian astronomer, physicist, and engineer, sometimes described as a polymath, from Pisa. Galileo has been called the “father of observational astronomy”, the “father of modern physics”, the “father of the scientific method”, and the “father of modern science”

Question 13

Who was Sir Isaac Newton?

Answer 13

Sir Isaac Newton (1642–1727). Newton was first and foremost a Puritan looking for God in Science. Newton was a mathematician and physicist. Newton’s discovered the “force of attraction” of all mater and gravitational force laws.

Question 14

With science religion is opinion. Why did this happen?

Answer 14

With the four main contributors (Kepler, Copernicus, Newton, and Galileo) science took center stage, and religion was moved to “opinion”. Theology was no longer the Queen of science.

Question 15

What are the four characteristics of the modern world?

Answer 15

1. Impersonal and only known through mathematical terms.
2. Physical world became the focus. Philosophers speak less of God and more of mind and matter.
3. Science replaces religion as the source of authority.
4. Modern human independence is affirmed. Radical autonomy is opposed to justice and righteousness.

Question 16

What is rationalism?

Answer 16

It’s the pursuit of knowledge through the pathway of reason. Knowledge is gained through the acquisition of ideas.

Question 17

What is empiricism?

Answer 17

It is the obtainment of knowledge through the senses. and experience.

Question 18

What is romanticism?

Answer 18

It is based on emotion.

Question 19

Who was Rene Descartes?

Answer 19

Was a famous French Mathematician and Philosopher (1596 - 1650). Famously known for never accepting anything for true which he did not know to be such. His main philosophy was to divide each of the difficulties into their simplest parts to derive the “truth”. “The simplest explanation is usually the best one.” He also was famous for his dictum, “I think therefore I am” which highlighted his philosophy on mind and matter as an extension.

Question 20

Who was Baruch Spinoza?

Answer 20

Baruch Spinoza (1632–1677) was a Dutch Jewish philosopher, one of the foremost exponents of 17th-century Rationalism and one of the early and seminal figures of the Enlightenment. Baruch was a pantheist that connected God and Nature and saw no separation between God and creature. Spinoza also claimed that miracles were impossible. Spinoza was also very critical of Scripture.

Question 21

Who John Locke?

Answer 21

John Locke, (1632-1704) is the father of empiricism. Locke studied Latin, Greek, Mathematics, and Hebrew at the Westminster school in London as a teenager (only 14 years old). He then attended the University of Oxford in 1652 and received his bachelor’s in 1656 and his master’s degree in 1658. After graduation, Locke became a fellow and professor in the university. In 1668 Locke loses his position in the university due to the “glorious restoration” of the monarchy and goes into exile to Holland (1683 – 1689).

Question 22

Who was David Hume?

Answer 22

David Hume ( 1711 - 1776) conceived philosophy as the inductive, experimental science of human nature. Taking the scientific method of the English physicist Sir Isaac Newton as his model and building on the epistemology of the English philosopher John Locke, Hume tried to describe how the mind works in acquiring what is called knowledge. He concluded that no theory of reality is possible; there can be no knowledge of anything beyond experience. Despite the enduring impact of his theory of knowledge, Hume seems to have considered himself chiefly as a moralist.