Final (Embryology)

Question 1

1st Pharyngeal Arch

• aka?
• nerve?
• artery?
• muscle?
• tissue?
• bone?

Answer 1

• mandibular arch
• Trigeminal (CN V)
• external carotid
• for mastication, palatal musculature, mylohyoid, anterior belly of digastric
• tympanic membrane
• mandible, maxilla, incus, malleus

Question 2

2nd Pharyngeal Arch

• aka?
• nerve?
• muscle?
• bone?

Answer 2

• hyoid arch
• Facial (CN VII)
• muscles of facial expression; stylohyoid, posterior belly of digastric, stapedius muscle; palatine tonsils
• stapes, upper hyoid

Question 3

3rd Pharyngeal Arch

• nerve?
• artery?
• muscles?
• bone?

Answer 3

• glossphyaryngeal (CN IX)
• common carotid, internal carotid
• pharyngeal muscles
• hyoid bone

Question 4

4th Pharyngeal Arch

• nerve?
• artery?
• muscle?

Answer 4

• Vagus (CN X) - superior
• aortic arch, subclavians
• palatal muscles, cricothyroid, thyroid, epiglottis cartilage

Question 5

6th pharyngeal arch

• nerve?
• artery?
• muscle?

Answer 5

• Vagus (CN X) - recurrent
• pulmonary arteries
• intrinsic laryngeal muscles; cricoid & arytenoid cartilages

Question 6

weeks 13-16 nervous system development

Answer 6

• telencephalon takes off (cortex, BG, olfactory)
• olfactor lobes, BG, and cerebral hemispheres engage rapidly
• neuroblasts begin migrating in an inside-out pattern

Question 7

weeks 15-16 nervous system development

Answer 7

• dorsal and ventral roots of spinal nerves meet; form full-fledged spinal nerves
• spinal cord is about same length as vertebral column

Question 8

week 20 nervous system development

Answer 8

• convolutions of cerebral hemispheres begin to appear

Question 9

week 24 nervous system development

Answer 9

• gyri and sulci begin to appear

- lateral sulcus (first to appear)

Question 10

weeks 25+ nervous system development

Answer 10

• cortex begins to stratify into layers (not complete until middle childhood)

Question 11

when are brain and spinal cord as ready as they will be at birth?
- how many neurons?

Answer 11

25 weeks

- 100 billion

Question 12

at birth, each neuron may have up to _____ connections

Answer 12

1,000 - 10,000

Question 13

what causes Down syndrome?

- symptoms?

Answer 13

• 3 copies of chromosome 21

- cognitive disorder, physical features (low-set ears, broad hands/feet, flat face)

Question 14

what causes Trisomy 13?

- symptoms?

Answer 14

• 3 copies of chromosome 13 (instead of 2)
• low survival rate, heart complications, breathing/feeding difficulties, seizures, cleft lip/palate, cognitive deficits, polydactyly, close-set or fused eyes, microcephaly

Question 15

what causes trisomy 18?

- symptoms?

Answer 15

• extra 18th chromosomes
• low survival rate, if make it to full term
• significant kidney, heart, organ abnormalities; microcephaly, cleft lip/palate, feeding/breathing problems, cognitive deficits

Question 16

what causes turner syndrome?

- symptoms?

Answer 16

• when females are missing one of their 2 X’s

- sterility, short stature, webbed neck, hypothyroidism, congenital heart problems, diabetes, cognitive deficits

Question 17

what causes Fragile X syndrome?

- symptoms?

Answer 17

• mutation of gene on X sex chromosome
• cardiovascular, cognitive deficits, physical characteristics (high palate, flat feet, protruding ears, connective tissue problems/joints)

Question 18

what causes Williams syndrome?

- symptoms

Answer 18

• microdeletion of genes on chromosome 7
• cognitive, EF, cardiovascular, feeding, hearing deficits
• hyper-social, chatty with ppl, below-average language development
• facial characteristics, elfin-like features

Question 19

what causes prader-willi syndrome?

- symptoms?

Answer 19

• missing part of chromosome 15

- low muscle tone, cognitive disability, underdeveloped genitals, weak cry, hyper-demand for food