Exam 1 Flashcards
What is the clinicopathologic method in neurology?
- basis of?
- established by? When?
- assumption that the site of a lesion must be related to the impaired or lost function
- all aspects of neuroimaging and radiographic interpretation
- Jean Charcot, 19th C.
neuroimaging allows us to do what two things?
1) CONFIRM the problem/where in the brain it is
2) PREDICT what else might occur problematically (know the part of the brain that’s damaged, can anticipate certain problems)
neuroimaging is what type of testing?
- _____ tools to support clinical observations for who?
- objective neurodiagnostic
- confirmatory, behavioral neurologists and SLPs
With a CT scan, _____ can enhance the view of the damaged area?
contrast substances
CT scans developed when?
1970s
MRI’s assess _____ in ____
brain tissue densities, slices
MRI’s are ______ than CT scans, but _____
more sensitive to abnormalities, more expensive
If someone had a build up of fat, a blocked artery, you would use what to look at it?
a cerebral angiography
study neuroimaging booklet and double check slides
study
PET scan = _____ measures of what?
dynamic measures of metabolic activity in brain regions
PET scan - 4 steps
- glucose is metabolized by neurons when they’re active
- radioactive isotopes decay during metabolization
- photons are produced and detected
- computer generates ‘image’ of metabolic activity
PET scan used more often when?
in research
SPECT is similar to what? how?
- how do they differ?
PET scan
- both nuclear medicine techniques
- poorer resolution than PET. less expensive than PET
with SPECT _____ is detected during metabolism?
decay/gamma rays
how does an fMRI scan work?
- MRI + BOLD = blood oxygen level dependent contrast
- Brain consumes O2 when active. De-oxygenated red blood cells are more magnetic than fully oxygenated ones.
- Difference in timing, of magnetic detection, provides a ‘functional’ MRI picture of the brain in action
with DTI, you observe _____
- analyze what two things?
white matter (networks) - connectivity and direction of pathways
entire purpose of DTI?
to look at the long axons that connect different structures and form networks that allow different parts of the brain to communicate
DTI rarely used outside of what?
research
how could EEG be used in neural rehabilitation?
- to give patient feedback
- ex/ woman had a stroke with damage to the R hemisphere. present her with visual images that should activate the R hemisphere. the EEG lets her see if that’s happening or not.
EEG can capture what?
event-related potentials
what is an event-related potential?
a non-invasive study of the brain’s electrical response to a repeated stimulus
- response to stimuli is measured through EEG
with event-related potentials, what kind of stimulus is used?
- either one from within the brain or an external stimulus from the environment itself
when measuring event-related potentials, the EEG captures what?
changes in the polarity of dendrites (receiving ends of neurons) as they begin to receive, then transmit, incoming neural impulses from other neurons
event-related potentials can measure brain events ___ by ____?
milliseconds by milliseconds
tell the hz of the following brain waves:
- delta
- theta
- alpha
- beta
- 0-4
- 4-8
- 8-12
- > 10
brain is ___ dimensional
three
3 reasons to have anatomical directions?
- so we’re all on the same page (same labels, communicate across disciplines)
- divides structures into parts (top/bottom, front/back, upper/lower, surface/medial)
- Establishes point of relationship for descriptors (near to, far from)
point of origin descriptors of anatomical directions?
- human body assumed to be in standing position, feet together, arms at side, thumbs pointing out
- medial definition
- lateral definition
- toward midline
- away from midline
- proximal definition
- distal definition
- relatively near trunk/torso
- relatively far from trunk/torso
- definition and synonym for anterior
- definition and synonym for posterior
- toward the front of body; ventral
- toward the back of body; dorsal
list 4 other terms for superior and define any unfamiliar ones
- upper
- cranial (skull)
- Cephalic (head)
- Rostral (beak)
list 2 other terms for inferior and define any unfamiliar ones
- lower
2. caudal (tail)
what is the caudal end of the CNS?
the end of the spinal cord
would you say “my knee is the rostral facet of my leg?”
NO - only use rostral when describing the sjull
Is it accurate to say the frontal lobe is superior to the occipital lobe? Why?
NO - because of the 90 degree turn
study 90 degree turn of brain and how that affects directions
study
is it accurate to say my forehead is superior to my jaw?
YES
the anterior aspect of the skull can also be explained using what term?
ROSTRAL - rostral is more specific
the ____ of the brain label the type of images we get form neuroimaging
- give ex/
axes
- radiologist might take an A-P image
study slide 20 on Unit 1 - Part 2 powerpoint (pic of ventral/dorsal on brain)
study
define axis
imaginary line connecting 2 points
Anteriorposterior axis
- from ___ to ____ (2)
- head to tail
- anterior-most orientation to posterior-most orientation when subject is in standard position
A dorsoventral axis is from where to where?
- study this more
spinal column positioning to ventral/belly direction
which axis is from mid-line extending outward to lateral most surfaces?
mediolateral
which axis is from tip of appendage to/toward/upwards to trunk/torso/core?
- study this more
proximodistal
what are planes?
imaginary, flat sections of the body
how does a coronal plane divide structures?
- divides anterior structures of the brain from posterior structures
- like a crown
how does a sagittal plane divide structures?
- sagittal is a ____ about a vertical plane?
- sagittal means NOT what?
vertically - parallel to the median plane (separates left from right)
- a general statement
- horizontal
how does a midsaggital plane divide structures?
precisely at midline - precisely in right and left symmetrical halves
what is a parasagittal plane?
- a ____ sagittal plane
- as in to the side of ____?
a SPECIFIC sagittal plane that divides structures vertically, parallel to midline
- midsagittal
how does a horizontal plane divide structures?
- ____ to sagittal plane
- divides upper structures from lower structures
- a right angle
3 other names for horizontal plane
transverse, axial, cross
define etiology
cause of
define site
location of
define lesion
- explain more
damage
- ANY kind of damage (fracture, rupture, bleed, cell death, etc.)
acquired means what? (2)
- caused by damage, trauma, disease
- acute onset
explain acquired simpler
things were working normally and now they’re not
the term ‘developmental’ is associated with ____
- what does this mean?
developmental processes
- something has gone wrong in the development of these brain structures
- there was no damage, trauma, or disease
‘developmental’ issues may have root causes in what? (3)
- genetics
- a syndrome
- failure to ‘wire up’ in a typical manner
how could you have acquired and developmental issues going on at the same time?
development could be impacted by an acquired injury
slide 26 - website for practice with terms, directions, etc.
study
the human nervous system distinguishes us from? how? (4)
- other vertebrates
- allows for:
1. novel thought
2. verbal language
3. future-oriented planning
4. communication of abstract info
the human nervous system reflects what?
evolutionary changes
how do these three regions reflect evolutionary changes:
- Vocal tract
- Broca’s area
- Prefrontal cortex
- allows for production of complex acoustic signals (must more complex than other species)
- allows for articulation of complex speech
- allows for organization of complex behaviors to solve problems, plan ahead, consider future
the human nervous system contains ____ which are extremely ____
neurons, specialized (sensory, motor, etc)
the neurons in the human nervous system ____ and ____
- connect with other neurons
3. organized and initiate responses
explain 4 differences between the human and chimpanzee brain
- human brain weighs more (1350g vs. 450g)
- human has Broca’s area
- Human’s prefrontal cortex = 1/3 of entire brain (chimp’s alot smaller)
- more complex thoughts - Human’s temporal lobe and inferior parietal lobe are proportianately larger
order these 4 animals in regards to frontal lobe size (proportianately) - dog, human, rhesus monkey, human
- cat
- dog
- rhesus monkey
- human
what does the CNS consist of?
- brain
- spinal cord
5 functions of the CNS
- Recognizes and interprets info from the BODY
- Recognizes and interprets info from the ENVIRONMENT
- Organizes and executes actions, RESPONSES
- Gets messages down SC
- Gets messages back up SC
overall function of the CNS stated simply
- list examples
RECEIVE incoming info, interpret/understand that info, and organize and initiate a RESPONSE
- ex/ speech, movement, inhibit (not have a response)
what does the PNS consist of?
- cranial nerves
- spinal nerves
- and their GANGLIA (nerve cells that do a certain function outside of CNS)
2 functions of the PNS
- CONNECTS CNS with peripheral structures of the body (such as muscles, organs, glands, etc.)
- CONVEYS INFO to and from, between peripheral structures and CNS
simpler explanation of function of PNS
use th nerves to connect to the CNS
The CNS is entirely dependent upon what?
- and vice versa?
- the nerves in the PNS
- the nerves in the PNS can’t really do anything unless they get messages from the CNS
- a NERVE is located where?
- a TRACT is located where?
- CNS
- PNS
4 features that nerves and tracts share
- bundle of many axons, from many neurons (cell bodies)
- Coming down from neurons (cell bodies)
- grouped together
- Coated in myelin (like insulation)
what are the two types of nerves?
- indicate where they innervate and where they connect
- spinal nerves
- innervate body
- connect through SC - cranial nerves
- innervate head, mouth, articulators
- connect through brain stem
SLPs are _____
- what’s important to remember about this?
diagnosticians
- you cannot diagnose if you do not comprehend the brain
What is neuroscience?
study of nervous system
- molecular, cellular, developmental
- structural, functional, evolutionary
when did neuroscience emerge?
- originally a branch of?
- presently?
1960s
- biology
- collarboative, interdisciplinary field
neurosciences encompasses all types and manner of what?
- give examples (5)
functions of the brain
- what we perceive and know
- how we think and feel
- how we reason, communicate, and remember
- how we make decisions and control behaviors
- how we move and interact
define neuroanatomy
study of anatomical structures and organization of nervous system (CNS and PNS); emphasis on mapping, delineating, identification of structures
define neurophysiology
study of the FUNCTIONS of the nervous system at level of molecule, cell, and system; pharmacological, electrochemical funcitons
define neuroembryology
study of the development of the nervous system
define neurology
- work to do what?
study of DISEASES in nervous system, using observations of clinical symptoms and neuroimaging to localize site and type of lesion
- identify the type of neurological problem and appropriate course of action
explain the role of a neurologist simpler
- they ID a particular disease by understanding typical behavior
- what’s wrong with this person and what can we do about it?
neuropathology is the study of what?
- work to do what?
disease process in the nervous system
- ID CAUSES of progressive neurological diseases (PD) and acute injuries (TBI)
neuroradiology is the branch of medicine focused on?
the interpretation of neuroimaging results to help identify diseases, lesions, injuries
neuroradiology expanded to include?
real-time images of brain structures and networks engaged in processing non-lesioned/non-brain–damages individuals
what is neurosurgery?
specialty area of medicine focused on treatment of neurologic dieseases/disorders through use of surgical procedures to the brain
neurosurgery is evolving to include?
the use of laser-based procedures and intracranial electronic probes
what is neuropsychology?
- explain in Ms. Fahy’s terms
study of brain-behavior relationships
- how cognitive processes (attention, memory, reasoning, etc) area a produce of certain structures and functions of the brain
cannot understand neuroanatomy without recognizing and understanding what?
the correlating behavioral processes and networks that result from these anatomical structures
give 3 expamples of neurological behaviors
- motor (movement)
- sensation (perception - vision, hearing, touch, taste, etc.)
- Cognitive processes (attention, perception, memory, reasoning, language, self-regulation)
when neurologic behaviors are impaired, there is an underlying what?
- how do you figure this out? (2)
neuroanatomical problem
- work backwards from a type of behavioral profile to figure out the site of lesion, system, or network
- fMRI
