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Anth 105w > Final -definitions > Flashcards

Final -definitions Flashcards

0
Q

Cost signaling theory of ritual

A

Religious groups that required a lot from members eliminate the need for gate keepers, by making membership requirements so difficult, that only the true believers would put up with them

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1
Q

Behavioral ecology

A

Examines how actions adapt one for survival/fitness in ones environment

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2
Q

Natural selection

A

Individuals with traits making them more able to survive, are selected for by their surviving to mate and pass on these traits to future generations

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3
Q

Demanding religious groups

A

Religions which require great sacrifices of time, money, resources, strict behavioral codes to be accepted as members

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4
Q

Commune

A

Group lives/works together sharing property in common

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5
Q

Group cooperation

A

Need to work together for max success and group survival - survival of individuals is dependent upon the group

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6
Q

Kibbutz

A

One type of commune located in Israel, may either by religious or secular in nature.

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7
Q

Gate keeper

A

Need to watch whether would be members actually towing the line, or attempting to be free-loaders on the work of others to get group benefits

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8
Q

Globalization

A

Products, people, ideas gouging around the world, rather than remaining local

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9
Q

Epidemiological transition

A

Population level changes in disease patterns and transmission due to changes by humans in their environments and change in pathogens

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10
Q

Barriers to care

A

Factors preventing access to needed care, like prejudice, racism, language, distance, costs, beliefs, etc.

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11
Q

Infectious disease

A

Sickness that can be transmitted from one person to another in one or more of following ways: by air, blood, mucous, touch, semen, breast milk, vector, etc.

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12
Q

Idioms of distress

A

Folk illness that represent particular life problems through particular bodily symptoms that are culturally recognized in context

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13
Q

Disease vector

A

Organism that carries pathogen from one individual to next, tick, flea, mosquito

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14
Q

Pathogen

A

Microbe bacteria, virus, fungus, etc causing diseases

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15
Q

Medical anthropology

A

Studies health and sickness as it is recognized and treated around the world, how it interacts with other parts of culture, ethnomedicines, how each encodes cultural values.

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16
Q

M.A. Version of disease

A

Clinically measurable biological deviation from normal, usually diagnosed by a dr

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17
Q

M.A. Version of illness

A

Patient/families experience of symptoms of a problem

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18
Q

M.A. Version of curing

A

Ending the disease; bring body back to clinical normal

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19
Q

M.A. Version of healing

A

Ending or transforming the experience of a problem for patient/family w/ or w/o symptom change

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20
Q

Ex. Of disease without illness

A

Early stage of cancer, HIV, high blood pressure

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21
Q

Ex of illness with out disease

A

Ataque de Nervious, bewitchment

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22
Q

Ex of curing without healing

A

Chemotherapy kills cancer but makes you feel terrible

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23
Q

Ex of healing without curing

A

Religious healing experience, visionary state, believe you are better

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24
Q

Hierarchy of resort

A

Order in which care is sought from amount all available sources of help.

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25
Q

Explanatory model

A

Individuals ideas re-symptoms, cause, severity, likely course and outcome, who best can treat

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26
Q

Illness narrative

A

Story of a particular sickness, within the context of patients life history, what was done about it, how it affected patient outcome

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27
Q

Health/help seeking

A

Decision making process guiding choices as one goes through a hierarchy of resort

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28
Q

PRITI program

A

Taught Bono native healers basics of a western primary care, diet, sanitation, hygiene, to reduce hospital of burden and make basic care more accessible at the village level

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29
Q

Explanatory model

A

Individuals ideas about what counts as symptoms, causes, severity, potential course and outcome, diagnosis, and who best can treat; gets negotiated

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30
Q

Hierarchy of resort

A

Order in which help is sought from among all available sources of help for a particular problem

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31
Q

Disease

A

Biological changes from clinical normal, verified by lab tests; dr diagnosis

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32
Q

Illness

A

Patient/families experience of symptoms of a problem; diagnosed by a traditional healer

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33
Q

Curing

A

Ending a clinically recognized deviation from normal; return to clinical normal; dr.

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34
Q

Healing

A

Ending or transforming patient/family’s experience of a problem with or with out symptom change; traditional healer

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35
Q

Idioms of distress

A

Culturally recognized way to be sick to symbolize life problems that can’t be expressed directly

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36
Q

Illness narrative

A

Story of a particular illness episode, what was done about it, how it affected ones life history

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37
Q

Health/help seeking

A

Decision making process in finding someone to treat a problem.

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38
Q

Barriers to care

A

Anything that prevents access to needed help, like racism, enthocentrism, religious beliefs, money, distance

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39
Q

Sickle cell anemia

A

Having both alleles for this disease, so that on has many collapsed WBC and will die young

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40
Q

Sickle cell hybrid

A

Having one allele for this disease and one normal one, so that only some white blood cells collapse; confers malaria resistance

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41
Q

PRHETIH/PRITI

A

Program to teach basic western primary care to bono indigenous, healers, and sanitation, hygiene, nutrition, etc

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42
Q

Lingua Franca

A

Common language used for trade/business, understood by all

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43
Q

Othering

A

Focus of cultural/racial differences, demarcation of us vs them

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44
Q

Borderzone

A

Where 2 different groups meet and interact, a hybrid cosmopolitan experience - blurred areas in between, ethnic purism, fast changing cultural scene.

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45
Q

Healing drama

A

Co-constructed story co-acted, used to relate to each other and motivate a child to do difficult/painful things by comparing them to superheroes

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46
Q

Epidemiological transition

A

Big shifts in overall human disease patterns, due to changed in patterns of human residence, technological developments, and travel, leading to evolution of pathogenic microorganism with humans

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47
Q

Epidemiology

A

Study of disaster patterns and transmission/prevention

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48
Q

Thrifty phenotype

A

Expression of genetic tendency to horde fat in times of abundance for future energy needs in times of scarcity

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49
Q

Thrifty genotype

A

Genetic tendency to horde fat in times of abundance in case of future food shortages for energy needs

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50
Q

Stigma

A

Damaged social status/reputation, less valued socially

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51
Q

Waist to hip ratio

A

Takes into account central body fat, is more harmful pattern than Peripheral fat for health risks

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52
Q

Sexual/gender dimorphism

A

Usual differences between men and women in height and weight

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53
Q

Hunter-gatherer diet

A

High fiber, little fat or sugar, lots of plant proteins, lean game, insects, roots, nuts, seeds

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54
Q

Obesity

A

BMI of greater than 30 or 120% of ideal body weight

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55
Q

Overweight

A

110% of ideal body weight

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56
Q

Conspicuous consumption

A

Spending excessively to show ones wealth, or remaining thin through having a spa cuisine chief and personal trainer.

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57
Q

Disease of civilization

A

Obesity, cancer, hypertension, circulatory problems, diabetes, and other chronic disease

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58
Q

Body mass index

A

Weight divided by height squared

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59
Q

WHO

A

World health organization, an institutional branch of the UN w/ primary leadership and support on global health issues

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60
Q

Expert model of service delivery

A

God complex of western trained medical personnel due to long years of studying-training; assume they know it all and won’t learn anything from listening

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61
Q

Noncompliant/nonadherent

A

Won’t listen to/comply/follow the recommended treatment prescribed for that problem

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62
Q

Indigenized

A

Mad local, adjusted to the culture/ethnicity of the group using it

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63
Q

HIV

A

Virus which causes human immune system to gradually become compromised

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64
Q

AIDS

A

Acquired immune deficiency syndrome, one is easily over come by common minor health problems and can’t fight them off; eventually fatal.

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65
Q

Epidemic

A

Disease at a higher than normal incidence within a particular localized population

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66
Q

Infectious diseases

A

Sickness than can be transmitted from one person to person via one of various methods: airborne, mucus, blood, etc.

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67
Q

Pandemic

A

Widespread region or several regions have higher than normal incidence of a particular disease

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68
Q

Endemic

A

Diseases reaching a balance and usually present within a pop affecting part of it at any one Time with some recovered and immune

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69
Q

UNAIDS

A

A UN program w/ global partners who advocate and work to achieve universal access to HIV prevention, treatment, and care

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70
Q

Pathogen

A

Backup, virus, fungus, or other disease causing agents, often microscopic

71
Q

Disease vector

A

Something carrying sickness from one to another individual, like a mosquito for malaria

72
Q

Herbalist healer

A

Give herbal treatments for health problems; may give naturalistic explanations for sickness

73
Q

Divine medium

A

Eradicate spirit possession, diagnosis through accessing hidden knowledge, via rituals, technical methods, or channeling spirits

74
Q

Personalistic

A

Explain sickness in terms of spirit possession, witchcraft and sorcery, or envy

75
Q

Naturalistic

A

Caused by impersonal, natural causes,temperature, body imbalance

76
Q

Gris-Gris

A

May mean black magic - an amulet or talisman, typically of African origins, worn or otherwise Carrie as protection against disease and evil

77
Q

Mercenary anthropology

A

One who will fight or do studies for or side with whomever pays the most; negative view by opponents of anthropologist role in the military

78
Q

Human terrain team

A

Consists of a team leader, an are specialist, a social scientist, and a research manager, where the social scientist is typically a civilian. Conducts original ground-level research and consults existing literature to summarize conclusions to counsel to military commanders

79
Q

Jirgas

A

Village elders council/discussion of situation acknowledgment all points of view

80
Q

Operation Khyber

A

A 15 day drive to try to clear-out Taliban insurgents out of Paktia Province, secure southeastern Afghanistans main road, and stop suicide attacks on American and afghan troops

81
Q

Anthropological ethics

A

To not cause harm to those populations studied

82
Q

Sacred values

A

Core values like religious freedom, rights to a homeland.

83
Q

Material/instrumental values

A

Rights to food, drink, basic shelter and safety, right to life.

84
Q

Material concessions

A

Granting of land, supplies, food, essentials for living

85
Q

Symbolic concessions

A

Official statement issued acknowledgment s groups right to exist and have their own state; or apologizing for past wrong done to them by other governments

86
Q

Devoted actors

A

People are so committed towards their own beliefs and core values, that they will give up their lives to fight for them rather than live without them

87
Q

Rational actor model

A

Assumes people act in own self-interest towards survival and practical life improvement

88
Q

Hmong status in the US

A

Refugees and veterans of Vietnam and Laotian secret wars, who helped CIA/US military during these wars

89
Q

Hmong clan elder role

A

Person who decides if one can get medical treatment, who guarantees marriage partners support in case of death of spouse, etc.

90
Q

Hmong shaman role

A

Spiritual healer who travels to spirit world to bargain for captured spirits return, to call a spirit to enter a newborn, or who guides the spirits of the dead back to their homeland/birthplace

91
Q

Generational conflicts for Hmong

A

Desire to keep traditional religion/custom vs desire to Americanize/assimilate and practice Christianity

92
Q

Clan exogamy

A

Must marry outside of the clan

93
Q

Single-interest relationship

A

Relationship on only one level

94
Q

Kpelle moot

A

Informal non-binding hearing, open to all interested, held in complainants house, with relative acting as mediator

95
Q

Multiplex relationship

A

2 people have several different overlapping relationships, like neighbors, student-teacher, and boss-employee

96
Q

Mediator

A

Oversees a hearing, keeps order, but decision is non-binding, no power to enforce

97
Q

Agnates

A

Relatives in patralineage

98
Q

Judge

A

Oversees formal court hearing, with power to enforce decision

99
Q

Moots therapeutic traits

A

Support, denial of reciprocity, manipulation of rewards, and permissiveness

100
Q

Pacification

A

Forcing groups to stop fighting by outside intervention and imposition of law

101
Q

Ways moot differs from formal court hearing

A

Who runs it, actions taken, ethos, types of punishment imposed, how binding decision is, who backs it up, outcome.

102
Q

Informal dispute-settlement mechanisms

A

Nuer leopard skin chief, and kpelle moot

103
Q

Cases in which formal court is effective

A

Possession of illegal charms, burglary, assault or murder by unrelated parties

104
Q

Cases for which the kpelle moot is effective

A

Marital disputes, inheritance quarrels, other family matters

105
Q

Denial of reciprocity

A

Insults/anger expressed is not returned in kind

106
Q

Permissiveness

A

Allowing one to say things not normally allowed without penalty.

107
Q

Manipulation of rewards

A

Granting/withholding social approval

108
Q

Support

A

Groups concern, interest in outcome/resolution

109
Q

Polycephalous society

A

Many headed state, with multiple chiefs at same level agreement to associate together with no head chief

110
Q

Affinal kin

A

Relatives by marriage; in-laws

111
Q

Consanguineal kin

A

Blood relatives

112
Q

Cross-cutting ties

A

Affinal, trade, and friendship relations

113
Q

Western good introduced that led fighting to reemerge

A

Steel axes and salt

114
Q

Body farm

A

University of Tennessee Anthropological Research facility

115
Q

Forensic anthropology

A

Legal application of methods from physical anthropology

116
Q

Forensic entomology

A

Study of insects in legal context

117
Q

Cadaver dogs

A

Dead body sniffing dogs

118
Q

Peudalistic pose

A

Pose body normally seeks with arms/legs bent when burned

119
Q

GPRX

A

Ground penetrating radar

120
Q

Corporate culture

A

The ethos, personality, ways of doing things of a company hat remain the same, across different branch locations

121
Q

Frame analysis

A

Paying attention to nested or competing frames of references of different participants who may have conflicting agendas at different branch locations

122
Q

Corporate anthropology

A

Research within a business setting examining roles,behaviors, efficiencies, policies, training, foreign interactions, relationships

123
Q

Meetings

A

Repeated social interactions engaged in for a common purpose by different individuals: acts as a microcosm of the larger industry

124
Q

Rite of passage

A

3 part structure of rituals marking transitions, including separation, liminality and reintegration

125
Q

Design ethnography

A

Examines consumers interaction with products, gives feedback to producers on how to improve product to better met users needs

126
Q

Creatives

A

Those who produce the images and artwork in advertising

127
Q

Coding

A

Assigns numbers to quantify qualitative data, so it can be analyzed, indicated repeated themes, reveals patterns

128
Q

Account managers

A

Ad agency business-oriented executives who understand and are more similar to the client

129
Q

Social networking analysis

A

Looks at density of interconnections among different individuals to see who is central, who is more isolated, where communication could be improved

130
Q

Reading the room

A

Gagging reactions of those interacting, reading body language, tone, expressions

131
Q

Good meeting

A

Meeting in which client and ad company agreed on tactic and were able to move forward to next stage.

132
Q

Productive meeting

A

Disappointing meeting in with nothing was accomplished

133
Q

Embodied knowledge

A

Acts your body does without conscious thought in best way

134
Q

Ethnographic observation

A

Structured way of watching interactions, taking detailed notes, perhaps every few min to record min detail of which actor may not be aware

135
Q

Commodification of domestic labor

A

Turning tasks women of household use to do for family for free paid job for outsider

136
Q

Domestic labor

A

Cleaning, care taking, cooking

137
Q

Live-in

A

Can save money on rent, utilities, food, transportation, but never really off work

138
Q

Live-out

A

Advantage to have privacy, time off that is really time off, a separate place to go; disadvantage is cost of rent, food, Tavel, utilities

139
Q

One of the family

A

Such treatment can be an advantage to relive social isolation of foreign worker, or can lead to being taken advantage of because one is assumed to understand their situation

140
Q

Maternalism

A

Female household head employs another women and sees self as benevolent, other woman as child-like

141
Q

Ugly American

A

Assumes everyone should speak English and do things the American way

142
Q

Mentor

A

Advisor in the foreign culture who will be honest when you make mistakes and advise you on how to do things properly

143
Q

Diplomacy

A

Phrasing things to put fault on ones lack of understanding of others system

144
Q

Flexibility

A

Willingness to try new ways or new order in which to do things

145
Q

Theory

A

Used as a framework to make sense of data inductively, not forced into place

146
Q

Decentralized farmer collectives (CPCs)

A

Voluntary collectives that are below the village level, which poor performing people can be kicked out of after 3 years to reduce risk of max profit

147
Q

Brain drain

A

Educated people going else where they can profit better, rather an helping their home towns

148
Q

Cooperative

A

Organization pooling resources for access to loans, production, and marketing of goods, mutual support, benefits, and risk sharing.

149
Q

Cash crop

A

Crop raised for sale, rather than subsistence

150
Q

Subsidy

A

Government financial ad given to essential industries that would otherwise not be profitable

151
Q

What does fair trade certification involve?

A

Farmer collectives must avoid chemicals, or practices harmful to the environment, and find sustainable growing methods; while buyers must guarantee a min fair price to farmers

152
Q

Fair trade certification promises farmers?

A

Provides small farmers with access to markets, guarantees a fair min price, promotes community development, education, environmentalism and healthy living

153
Q

Fair trade certification promises to the consumer?

A

Provides consumer a closer relationship to small producers so mor money goes in the producers pocket without price inflation cause by middle men’s involvement

154
Q

Diversification of farm production

A

Growing of several different types of crops, some for export and some for subsistence and raising livestock for local market to improve chances that something will be successful

155
Q

Direct marketing

A

Product goes from product to consumer without middle man

156
Q

Commodity

A

Products like food or fuel which can be traded for money and other things

157
Q

Organic

A

Farming promoting biodiversity, without use of chemical fertilizers and pesticides and promotes environmental protection

158
Q

Importance of the Shaman

A

Possessor of important oral information on plant uses identification, preparation, healing rituals

159
Q

Social justice

A

A philosophy/approach of laws and values which promote an egalitarian, fair, and harmonious society

160
Q

Death of a shaman

A

Like a library burning down, but worse because the is no duplication of info contained therein-it will be lost unless taught to the next generation

161
Q

Aché

A

Hunter-gatherer group in Paraguay who was suppose to benefit from the creation of Mbaracayu reserve

162
Q

Gurani

A

Shifting horticulturalist and yerbaterks,and hunted in Paraguay

163
Q

Fallow

A

Time period when plot of land must rest to recover its fertility before new crops can be planted

164
Q

Shamans apprentice project

A

Program designed to get native youth interested in learning ancient healing botanical wisdom from elderly shamans

165
Q

Virgin forest

A

Land trout to be untouched by humans

166
Q

What is foraging?

A

Living by being hunter-gatherers - finding wild plants and animals to eat rather than raising ones own

167
Q

Shifting agriculture

A

Moving around to use different plots of land while some plots Re recovering their fertility

168
Q

Importance of preserving the rainforest

A

Source of unknown number of potentially useful plants for healing and industry, which cannot be replaced if destroyed

169
Q

Milpa

A

Small rainforest clearing in which more than 70+ planted are plants above and below ground, where main crop is corn

170
Q

Planted tree garden

A

Intermediate stage when land recovers its fertility while being managed to produce fruit and nut tree crops and root crops plus raw materials

171
Q

Swidden

A

Slash ad burn farming that cute down overgrowth, and burns it, so ash can enrich the soil to grow crops

172
Q

Horticulture

A

Extensive farming done with only man power, like a machete and digging stick, no chemical fertilizers

173
Q

Agriculture

A

Uses draft animals and/or machinery to plow fields and chemical fertilizers to grow crops extensively

174
Q

Ethnobotanist

A

Studies indigenous use of plants by native people

175
Q

Significance of Alkaloids and Bitters

A

Has active chemicals that may be helpful or poisonous; helps identify useful plants

Anth 105w (6 decks)

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