Final Cumulative Exam

Question 1

Mechanoreceptor

Answer 1

Receptor that responds to mechanical stimulation of the skin, such as pressure, stretching, or vibration.

Question 2

Gate Control Theory

Answer 2

Melzack and Wall’s idea that perception of pain is controlled by a neural circuit that takes into account the relative amount of activity in nociceptors, mechanoreceptors, and central signals.

Question 3

Two-point threshold

Answer 3

The smallest separation between two points on the skin that is perceived as two points.

Question 4

Nociceptor

Answer 4

A fiber that responds to stimuli that are damaging to the skin.

Question 5

Glabrous skin

Answer 5

Hairless skin; no hair follicles;
thicker than hairy skin

Question 6

Hairy skin

Answer 6

Covers most of the body

Question 7

Epidermis

Answer 7

Outer most layer, Composed largely of dead skin cells, Langerhans cells here (immunological function), Melanin-related cells here, Dead skin cells are pushed up from the basal sub-layer of the _____.

Question 8

Dermis

Answer 8

Lies below and thicker than
epidermis; manufactures cells for epidermis, Consists of a thick connective membrane (elastin and collagen), Blood vessels here, Sensory nerve endings and fibers here.

Question 9

Hypodermis

Answer 9

Composed of subcutaneous
tissue, Connective tissue (connects skin to muscle tissue), Highly elastic, Fat globules here (acts as shock
absorbers).

Question 10

Acupuncture

Answer 10

needles are inserted into particular regions of the body (acupressure is a variant, has been shown to produce analgesic effects.

Question 11

Analgesia

Answer 11

The inability to feel pain.

Question 12

Thermoreceptors

Answer 12

These receptors respond to
specific temperatures and changes in temperature

Question 13

Haptic Perception

Answer 13

The perception of three-dimensional objects by touch.

Question 14

Endorphins

Answer 14

Acupuncture affects the production of this.

Question 15

Substantia Gelatinosa

Answer 15

Cells in spinal cord that send inhibitory signals ( SG-) or excitatory signals ( SG+) to the Transmission cells

Question 16

Microsmatic

Answer 16

poor sense of smell (humans)

Question 17

Transmission cells

Answer 17

These cells receive
inhibitory or excitatory information from these
fibers; T-cell activity ultimately determines how
much pain signals are sent to the brain.

Question 18

Macrosmatic

Answer 18

good sense of smell (dogs)

Question 19

Anosmia

Answer 19

loss of the ability to smell due to injury or infection

Question 20

Pheromones

Answer 20

implicated in sexual behavior of most mammals, vomeronasal organ responds to these.

Question 21

The regional sensitivity effect

Answer 21

different areas on the mucosa are sensitive to some odorants and are not as sensitive to other odorants

Question 22

Chromatographic effect

Answer 22

as molecules travel across the mucosa they are absorbed gradually; heavy molecules are absorbed first followed by the lighter molecules

Question 23

Taste

Answer 23

works in conjunction with smell, but is an independent sense.

Question 24

Flavor

Answer 24

combination of taste and smell

Question 25

Taste buds

Answer 25

basic taste receptor structures, located in pits and grooves of mouth, throat, etc.

Question 26

How many taste buds in humans?

Answer 26

9,000-10,000 taste buds

Question 27

Specificity coding (also called direct line label)

Answer 27

a particular taste is experienced because certain taste buds fire to certain substances.

Question 28

Across-fiber patterning

Answer 28

a particular taste is experienced because of the particular pattern of firing across taste buds