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Human Perception > Chapters 11-14 > Flashcards

Chapters 11-14 Flashcards

1
Q

Ossicles- 3 bones?

A

a. malleus (hammer)
b. incus (anvil)
c. stapes (stirrup)

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2
Q

Inner ear

A

Converts mechanical energy to chemo-electric signals to the brain: sound. Includes cochlea

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3
Q

Middle ear

A

Magnifies vibrations from the eardrum to the cochlea. Includes tympanic membrane and 3 ossicles.

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4
Q

Outer ear

A

Collects sounds waves and funnels them to the ear drum. Includes pinna and auditory canal

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5
Q

Human hearing range

A

Between 20 and 20,000 hz

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6
Q

Decay

A

Refers to the speed of offset.

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7
Q

Attack

A

Refers to the speed of onset.

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8
Q

What are the effects of attack & decay on perceived timber?

A

Timber depends primarily on the Complexity of the waveform. Also affected by the “attack” and “decay” portions of the waveform.

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9
Q

Sine wave

A

Represents a single frequency with no harmonics and is considered an acoustically pure tone.

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10
Q

Volley principle

A

When sounds with frequencies over 500 Hz enter the ear, multiple neurons will work together in combination to process these high frequencies.

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11
Q

Phase locking

A

Firing of auditory neurons in synchrony with the phase of an auditory stimulus.

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12
Q

Traveling wave

A

Vibration of the basilar membrane in which the peak of the vibration travels from the base of the membrane to its apex.

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13
Q

Place Theory

A

Pitch coded with respect to the place
on the basilar membrane that vibrates most vigorously in response to a particular frequency.

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14
Q

Equal loudness curves

A

Most sensitive to middle range frequencies

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15
Q

Harmonics

A

Pure tone components of a complex tone that have frequencies that are multiples of the fundamental frequency.

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16
Q

Fundamental frequency

A

Slowest regularly oscillating wave

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17
Q

Octave

A

Tones that have frequencies that are binary multiples of each other.

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18
Q

Loudness (psychological property)

A

Lecture voice about 80db

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19
Q

Amplitude (physical property)

A

Refers to the height of the waveform. Measured in terms of decibels.

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20
Q

Frequency (physical property)

A

Refers to # of cycles per second. Measured in terms of Hertz (Hz)

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21
Q

Complexity (physical property)

A

Refers to the number of pure tones combined together.

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22
Q

Pitch/tone (psychological property)

A

Ex: notes in music

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23
Q

Timbre (psychological property)

A

That quality of sound that allows one to distinguish it from another
sound.

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24
Q

Categorical perception

A

A phenomenon where a phoneme is perceived to be invariant within
some specific range.

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25
Q

Formant transition

A

The transition from a broad energy spectrum to the narrow Formant spectrum. The transition per se
appears to code for consonants.

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26
Q

Formants

A

The narrow bands of sound
frequency energy associated with vowels.

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27
Q

VOT (voicing onset time)

A

“ta” versus “da”

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28
Q

Voicing

A

Refers to the timing and degree
to which the vocal chords vibrate (e.g., “da” vibrates earlier than “ta”).

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29
Q

Manner of Articulation

A

Refers to how the air stream is obstructed (e.g., “p”, “b”, “f” all obstruct the air stream in the front
of the mouth).

30
Q

Place of Articulation

A

Refers to where in the vocal tract the obstruction of the air stream occurs (e.g., “p” in put = front of mouth; “c” in couch = back of mouth).

31
Q

Consonants

A

Created by manipulating a
relatively closed vocal tract.

32
Q

Vowels

A

Created by manipulating a relatively
open vocal tract.

33
Q

Segmentation/Parsing

A

Refers to our ability to hear separate words in an otherwise continuous vocal stream; there are no physical spaces between words yet we hear them as separate.

34
Q

Phonemes

A

Fundamental unit of speech such that changing a single phoneme in a word changes the meaning of that word.

35
Q

Beat

A

Every culture has some form of music with this. (rock music, lullaby).

36
Q

Congenital amusia

A

People with this condition don’t recognize tones as tones, do not experience sequences of tones as music.

37
Q

Gestalt law in music: good continuation

A

A discontinuous tone can be heard as continuous.

38
Q

Gestalt law in music: similarity

A

Notes that are similar in pitch are perceived as belonging together.

39
Q

Gestalt law in music: proximity

A

Notes that are played together close in time are perceived as belonging together. ________ forms the basis of melody perception.

40
Q

Melody schema

A

Refers to the representation of a familiar melody stored in memory.

41
Q

Melody

A

Refers to the combined effect of pitch and rhythm

42
Q

Chord

A

Multiple notes (usually 3 or 4) occurring simultaneously in time.

43
Q

Note

A

The listener’s perception of the frequency of the sound waves. Each musical sound of a distinct frequency is known as a ______.

44
Q

Polyrhythm

A

Refers to the simultaneous playing of two independent rhythms.

45
Q

Rhythm

A

Refers to the temporal relationship among sounds. _______ refers specifically to the duration of each note or chord.

46
Q

Consonance/dissonance

A

Notes that sound pleasing when played together are referred to as
consonant. Notes that sound unpleasant when played together are referred to as dissonant.

47
Q

Precedence Effect

A

Also known as the law of the first wavefront or the Haas effect, describes the phenomenon where the human auditory system perceives the direction of a sound based on the first arrival of the sound (direct sound) rather than subsequent reflections (reverberation or echoes).

48
Q

Fusion effects

A

When two or more separate auditory stimuli are perceived as a single auditory event.

49
Q

Visual capture (or ventriloquism effect)

A

When sounds coming from one place appear to come from another place.

50
Q

Architectural acoustics

A

Study of how sounds are reflected in rooms, largely concerned with how indirect sound changes the quality of the sounds we hear in rooms.

51
Q

Echolocation

A

Blind people can find their way around by clicking their tongue and listening to the echoes that bounce off of nearby objects. They can identify location and size of objects.

52
Q

Auditory Scene analysis

A

Process by which all the stimuli (ex: sounds in coffee shop) produced by each source are separated.

53
Q

Auditory Scene

A

The array of sound sources at different locations in the environment

54
Q

Indirect sound

A

Sound that reaches a listener’s ears after being reflected from a surface such as a room’s walls.

55
Q

Direct sound

A

Sound that is transmitted directly from a sound source to the ears.

56
Q

Cone of Confusion

A

Refers to points in space such that
sound sources produce identical interaural time and intensity differences.

57
Q

Interaural Intensity Difference (IID)

A

Brain uses the difference in loudness between the two ears to determine the location of the sound source.

58
Q

Interaural Time Difference (ITD)

A

Brain uses the difference in time in which a sound reaches both ears to determine the location of the sound source.

59
Q

Helicotrema

A

Opening at the apex of the cochlea that allows vibrations from the upper chamber to be funneled back down to the lower chamber.

60
Q

Round window

A

Flexible structure on bottom chamber of cochlea; pressure release.

61
Q

Oval window

A

Flexible structure on upper chamber of cochlea; stapes rests on this structure; transmits pressure wave to upper and middle chambers.

62
Q

3 fluid filled chambers in cochlea

A

i. Scala vestibule (upper chamber)
ii. Scala media (middle chamber, also called the ‘cochlear duct’; contains Organ of Corti)
iii. Scala tympani (bottom chamber)

63
Q

Sound spectrogram

A

A plot showing the pattern of intensities and frequencies of a speech stimulus.

64
Q

Segmentation problem

A

There is not a one-to-one correspondence between individual phonemes and their acoustic underpinnings. - sound waves carrying the linguistic information are continuous and are not segmented into identifiable units corresponding to each specific phoneme.

65
Q

Phonemic restoration effect

A

An effect that occurs in speech perception when listeners perceive a phoneme in a word even though the acoustic signal of that phoneme is obscured by another sound, such as white noise or a cough.

66
Q

McGurk effect

A

Visual info can also exert a strong influence on what we hear. Person saying “ba ba” but their lip movements correspond to “fa fa” so listener reports hearing “fa fa”.

67
Q

Broca’s aphasia

A

(Area in frontal lobe) language problems including labored and stilted speech and short sentences, caused by damage to Broca’s area.

68
Q

Wernicke’s aphasia

A

(Area in temporal lobe) An inability to comprehend words or arrange sounds into coherent speech, caused by damage to Wernicke’s area.

69
Q

5 musical characteristics shared across cultures

A

• Music elicits emotions • caregivers sing to their infants • tones separated by octaves are perceived as similar •listeners move in synchrony with the music • music is performed in social contexts

70
Q

Outer hair cells

A

Loudness

71
Q

Inner hair cells

A

Frequency/pitch

72
Q

5 principles of auditory grouping

A

Location, onset synchrony (2 sounds from different sources), timbre and pitch, harmonicity, similarity of pitch

Human Perception (2 decks)

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