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N3540 Pharmacology > Final - Content > Flashcards

Final - Content Flashcards

1
Q

Which drug only activates alpha 1 receptors?

A

Phenyleprine

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2
Q

Which drug activates alpha 1 & beta 1 receptors?

A

Dopamine

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3
Q

Which drug activates only beta 1 receptors?

A

Dobutamine

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4
Q

Which drug activates beta 1 & 2 receptors?

A

Isoprotenerol

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5
Q

Which drug only activates beta 2 receptors?

A

Terbutaline

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6
Q

What receptors does dopamine activate?

A

Alpha 1 and beta 1

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7
Q

What receptors does norepinephrine activate?

A

Alpha 1 & 2, Beta 1

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8
Q

What do alpha 1 blockers end in?

A

End in: -sin

Ex: Alfusosin

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9
Q

How are alpha 1 & 2 start and end with what?

A

Start with: Phen

End in: mine

Ex: Phentolamine

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10
Q

Beta 1 blockers start and in what?

A
  • Start with: B,E,A, or M
  • End in: -lol
  • Ex: Atenolol
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11
Q

Beta 1 & 2 blockers end in?

A

End in: -lol

Ex: Carteolol

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12
Q

What do most cholinergic drugs end in?

A

End with: -chol

Ex: Bethanechol, carbachol, acetylcholine

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13
Q

What do most anticholinergic drugs have in there name?

A

Have: -trop-

Ex: Atropine, Ipratropium,Tiotropium

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14
Q

What occurs when the alpha 1 receptors are activated?

A
  1. Pupil dialation
  2. Arterioles constrict
  3. Venous constrict
  4. Male ejaculation
  5. Contraction of prostate
  6. Contraction of tigone & sphincter muscle in bladder
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15
Q

What occurs when the beta 1 receptor is activated?

A
  1. ↑ HR, ↑ contraction
  2. Activation of renin
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16
Q

What occurs when the beta 2 receptor is activated?

A
  1. Arterioles of the heart, lung, and skeletal muscle are dialated
  2. Bronchi of the lungs dilate
  3. Uterus relaxes
  4. Glycogenolysis in the liver
  5. Enhanced contraction of skeletal muscle & glycogenolysis
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17
Q

What are some characteristics of catecholamines and what are some examples?

A

Characteristics:

  • Too big to cross BBB
  • Short duration of action
  • You can’t give this by mouth

Example:

  • Norepinephrine
  • Epinephrine
  • Dobutamine
  • Isoprotenerol
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18
Q

What are some characteristics of Non-catecholamines and what are some examples?

A

Characteristics

  • Long duration
  • Cross BBB / placenta
  • Can be given by mouth

Examples:

  • Phenylephrine
  • Ephedrine
  • Terbutaline
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19
Q

How should oral Penicillin be taken?

A

Take with full glass of water 1 hour before meals or 2 hours after meals

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20
Q

What is the DOC for MRSA?

A

Vancomycin

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21
Q

What are the AE of Vancomycin?

A
  • Nephrotoxicity
  • Ototoxicity (may be permanent if exceed 30mcg/mL)
  • Thrombophlebitis
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22
Q

What drugs are contraindicated with an immunosuppresed pt.?

A
  • Tetracycline
  • Steroids
  • Live vaccinations
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23
Q

What are some adverse effects of tetracycline?

A
  • Renal toxicity
  • Hepatotoxicity
  • Phototoxicity
  • Chelation - don’t combine w/ other stuff

Causes C. difficile

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24
Q

How should tetracycline be taken?

A
  • Should be taken on an empty stomach: give 2 hours before or 2 hours after chelating agents.
  • Council pts to avoid calcium (milk, antacids), iron, magnesium (laxatives), aluminum & zinc for 2 hours before/after taking Tetracyclines.
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25
Q

Can you mix aminoglycosides with penicillins?

A

Never mix PCN and Aminoglycosides in the same IV solution; Mixing increases bacterial kill capability of Aminoglycosides (can use together, but do not mix)

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26
Q

What are some adverse effects of AMINOGLYCOSIDEs?

A
  • Reversible nephrotoxicity
  • Irreversible ototoxicity
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27
Q

What is the MOA of sulfonamides?

A

Suppress bacterial growth & replication by inhibiting synthesis of folic acid; folic acid required by all cells to synthesize DNA, RNA & proteins

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28
Q

What are the AE of sulfonamides?

A
  • Renal damage (crystal formation) - take with a lot of water
  • Hemolytic anemia (esp. African Americans)
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29
Q

What do Fluoroquinolones end in?

A
  • End in: oxacin
  • Ex: Ciprofloxacin
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30
Q

What are the adverse effects of Amphotericin B?

A
  • Nephrotoxicity
  • Infusion reaction
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31
Q

What is the MOA for penicillins, cephalosporins, carbapenems, vancomycin?

A

Weaken cell wall which causes cell wall to take up water & burst (osmotic lysis) = bactericidal

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32
Q

What is the MOA for tetracyclines, macrolides, lincosamide, choloramphinicol?

A

Inhibiting protein synthesis = bacteriostatic

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33
Q

What is the MOA for aminoglycosides?

A

Rapid bactericidal action through disruption of protein synthesis (dose dependent)

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34
Q

What is the MOA for sulfonamides?

A

Suppress bacterial growth & replication by inhibiting synthesis of folic acid; folic acid required by all cells to synthesize DNA, RNA & proteins

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35
Q

What is the MOA for Fluoroquinolones?

A

Inhibits bacterial DNA gyrase—enzyme that converts closed circular DNA into a super coiled configuration (for DNA replication)

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36
Q

What are the AE of Fluoroquinolones?

A
  • Can cause C. difficle
  • Possible tendon rupture with systemic use – Affects achilles tendon
  • Photosensitivity
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37
Q

What is the DOC to treat C. Diff?

A

Metronidazole

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38
Q

What are some AE of Metronidazole?

A

Nephrotoxicity

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39
Q

If a pt. is allergic to penicillins what drug could you give them instead?

A

Macrolides

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40
Q

How is COPD diagnosed?

A

Diagnosed based on a decrease in FEV1 and forced vital capacity (FVC) ratio to below 75% on spirometry

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41
Q

What is the 1st line agent for pts. w/ COPD?

A

Anticholinergics medications

Ex: Ipratropium/Atrovent, Tiotropium/Spiriva, Atropine

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42
Q

What is the 1st choice medication for acute exacerbations in a pt. w/ COPD?

A

Beta2 Agonists

Ex: Albuterol, Levalbuterol, Salbutamol

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43
Q

When taking a steroid for asthma, what medication should the pt. take before taking the steroid?

A

Albuterol (beta 2 agonist) to dialate the lungs to make the steroid more effective

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44
Q

What is the 1st line treatment for pts w/ moderate-severe asthma?

A

Inhaled Glucocorticoids

Ex:

Beclomethasone, Mometasone, Fluticasone

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45
Q

What do inhaled glucocorticoids end with?

A

End with: -asone

Ex:

  • Beclomethasone
  • Mometasone
  • Fluticasone
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46
Q

What do PO glucocorticoids end with?

A

End with: -isone / -isolone

Ex:

  • Prednisone
  • Prednisolone
  • Fludrocortisone
47
Q

Why do you taper off oral glucocorticoids?

A

To prevent adrenal suppression & bone loss

48
Q

How should you take all glucocorticoids?

A

In the morning w/ food

49
Q

What is the MOA for leukotriene modifiers?

A

Suppress effects of leukotriene and decreases bronchoconstriction, inflammation, edema, mucus secretion and recruitment of eosinophils

50
Q

What do most leukotriene modifiers end with?

A

End with: -lukast

Ex:

  • Zafirlukast
  • Montelukast
51
Q

What is the only leukotriene modifier approved for pts. over 1 years old?

A

Montelukast (Singulair)

52
Q

What are the 1st line drugs for tuberculosis?

A
  1. Isoniazid
  2. Rifampin
  3. Pyrazinamide
  4. Ethambutol / Streptomycin
53
Q

What are the AE of Isoniazid and how do you take this med?

A

AE:

  • peripheral neuropathy
  • Hepatotoxicity
  • Burning dark urine, jaundice, tingling

Take:

  • Take on empty stomach
54
Q

What are the AE of Rifampin and how do you take this med?

A

AE:

  • Discoloration of body fluids
  • pruritus, rash, chills

Take:

  • Give w/ water and no food
55
Q

What are the AE of Pyrazinamide?

A

AE:

  • Urination difficulties
  • photosensitivity
56
Q

What are the AE of Ethambutol and how do you take this med?

A

AE:

  • Optic neuritis: blurred vision, loss of red/green
  • Renal impairment
  • Chills, joint pain/swellin

Take:

  • w/ food
57
Q

What is the MOA for H2 receptor antagonists?

A

Suppress acid secretion by blocking H2 receptors on parietal cells

58
Q

What do H2 receptor antagonists end with?

A

End with: -tidine

Ex:

  • Cimetidine [Tagamet] BEST TAKEN WITH FOOD
  • Famotidine [Pepcid]
  • Nizatidine [Axid]
  • Ranitidine [Zantac]
59
Q

What is the MOA for Proton Pump Inhibitors?

A

Suppress acid secretion by irreversible inhibiting H+/K+-ATPase, the enzyme that makes gastric acid aka: BLOCKS final step of acid production

60
Q

What do Proton Pump Inhibitors end with?

A

End with: -Prazole

Ex:

  • Dexlansoprazole [Dexilant]
  • Esomeprazole [Nexium]
  • Lansoprazole [Prevacid]
  • Omeprazole [Prilosec, Zegerid, Losec]
  • Pantoprazole [Protonix]
61
Q

What is the MOA of Sucralfate [Carafate, Sulcrate]?

A

Forms a barrier over the ulcer crater that protects against acid and pepsin

62
Q

What is the MOA of misoprostol?

A

Protects against NSAID-induced ulcers by stimulating secretion of mucus and bicarbonate, maintain submucosal blood flow, and suppressing secretion of gastric acid

63
Q

What are some Antacids?

A

Magnesium hydroxide – Causes diarrhea

Aluminum hydroxide – Causes constipation

64
Q

When is the best time to take PPI’s?

A

In the morning 30min before meals

65
Q

How should H2 Receptor Antagonist be taken?

66
Q

What drugs have a delayed response in treating constipation?

A
  • Methylcellulose
  • Psyllium
  • Polycarbophil
  • Docusate sodium/calcium
  • Lactulose
67
Q

What is the MOA for bulk forming laxatives and how should you take it?

A

MOA:

  • Softens stool by pulling water into small intestine and ↑ of colonic bacteria à ↑ fecal volume à promotes peristalsis

Take:

  • Take w/ full glass of water
68
Q

What is the MOA for docustate sodium and how should you take it?

A

MOA:

  • ↓ surface tension à water penetrates SI & colon à softening stool

Take:

  • Take w. full glass of water
69
Q

What is the MOA for lactulose?

A

MOA:

  • ↓ water absorption, ↑ water in lumen
  • ↑ excretion of NH3 ß helps pts w/ hepatic disease
70
Q

Which drugs will cause a bowel movement quickly?

A
  • Castor oil (15-60min)
  • Mineral oil (5-30min)
  • Glycerin supplements (5-30min)
71
Q

What drugs are used to treat diarrhea?

A

Opiods:

  • Diphenoxylate HCL [Lomotil]
72
Q

What do Serotonin Rec Antagonist end with?

A

End with: -estron

Ex:

  • Ondansetron [Zofran]
  • Granisetron
  • Dolasetron
  • Palonosetron
73
Q

What is the MOA for Serotonin Rec Antagonists?

A

Blocks 5HT3 receptor on vagal afferents in the CTZ —> Prevents nausea and vomiting

74
Q

What do short acting steroids end with?

A

End with: -isone

Ex:

  • Cortisone
  • Hydrocortisone
75
Q

What do long acting steroids end with?

A

End with: -asone

Ex:

  • Betamethasone
  • Dexamethasone
76
Q

What type of insulin must you roll in your hands before administering?

A

NPH insulin

Ex: Humulin N, Novolin N

77
Q

What are the fasting plasma glucose values?

A

Normal is < 100

Diabetes is > 126

78
Q

What are the casual plasma glucose values?

A

Normal is < 200

Diabetes is > 200

79
Q

What are the oral glucose tolerance test values?

A

Glucose load of 75g & measure 2 hours later:

normal is <140

Diabetes > 200

80
Q

What is HgA1?

A

Reflects average BS past 2-3 months;

diabetes is > 6.5%

81
Q

How does excercise affect people with type 2 diabetes?

A

Exercise increases insulin receptivity

82
Q

What doe sulfonylureas end in?

A

End in: -amide

Ex:

  • Tolbutamide
  • Acetohexamide
  • Tolazamide
  • Chlorpropamide
83
Q

What is the MOA for sulfonylureas?

A
  • Glucose dependent: ↑ insulin release from pancreas dependent on glucose concentration
  • Only for type 2
84
Q

What is the DOC for type 2 diabetes?

85
Q

What is the MOA for metformin?

A
  • ↓ glucose production by liver
  • ↑ glucose uptake by muscle
86
Q

What are the AE of metfrmin and how should it be taken?

A

AE:

  • Weight loss
  • ↓ appetite
  • Nausea/diarrhea
  • Lactic acidosis

Taken:

  • W/ food
  • Can be combined with sulfonylureas or Exenatide
87
Q

What is the MOA for Glitazones and AE?

A

MOA:

  • ↓ insulin resistance by ↑ insulin sensitivity of skeletal muscles, liver & tissues
  • *Insulin must be present*

AE:

  • Fluid retention
88
Q

What is the MOA for Levothyroxine and how do you take it?

A

MOA:

  • Increases the levels of T4 in the body

Take with:

  • Give 30 min before breakfast
  • ↓ absorption of thyroid hormone - must give 1 hour apart
89
Q

What is the MOA of Propylthiouracil (PTU) and how do you take it?

A

MOA:

  • Blocks conversion of T4 into T3 (peripheral tissue), does nothing for circulating thyroid hormones

Take with:

  • Take w/ food. If missed, take dose ASAP
90
Q

What is the MOA for Bisphosphonate, what are the AE, and how do you take?

A

MOA:

  • Prevent the loss of bone mass

AE:

  • Esophagitis – if pt lie down/eat w/i 30 min

Take it:

  • TAKE in AM on empty stomach w/ full glass of water.
  • Do NOT lie down OR take any other food or beverages for 30 minutes after taking med
91
Q

What is asprin used for?

A
  • ↓ mild-moderate pain
  • DOC: ↓fever in adults
  • Thrombotic disorders
  • ↓ risk of MI/stroke

Nonselective and irreversible COX inhibitor

92
Q

What are the AE of Asprin?

A
  • ↑ bleeding by inhibiting plt aggregation (lasts 8 days)
  • GI distress, heartburn, nausea, edema
  • Longterm use: GI ulcer, perforation, bleeding
93
Q

What is the MOA of Ibuprofen?

A

Nonselective and reversible inhibition of COX (1&2)

  • Anti-inflammatory
  • Analgesic
  • Antipyretic
  • RA and OA
94
Q

What are the AE of ibuprofen?

A
  • GI ulceration
  • Bleeding
  • Renal impairment
  • ↑ risk of thrombolytic even
95
Q

What is Acetaminophen (Tylenol) used for?

A
  • Analgesic (anti-pain)
  • Antipyretic (anti-fever
96
Q

What are some AE of Acetaminophen (Tylenol)?

A

↑ risk of warfarin bleeding by ↓ warfarin metabolism in body

97
Q

What is the 1st line agent for HTN?

A

Hydrochlorothiazide

98
Q

What are some examples of ACE inhibitors?

A

Lisin**opril **

Captopril

99
Q

What are some AE of ACE inhibitors?

A
  • ↑ K+ lvls

Persistent cough (give ARBs instead?)

  • 1st dose hypotension (vascular dilation)
100
Q

What are some examples of ARBS?

A

Lo**sartan **

Ibersartan

NO COUGH

101
Q

What are some AE of ARBS?

A
  • Angioedema (less than ACEI though)
  • RBF (↓GFR) pts
102
Q

What is the MOA of Spironolactone?

A
  • Blocks actions of aldosterone in distal nephron
  • ↑K+ lvls
  • ↓Na+ lvls
103
Q

What is the fastest acting diuretic?

104
Q

What is the MOA of Mannitol and what are some AE?

A

MOA:

↑ osmotic pressure in tubule & ↓H2O reabsorption

AE:

Can leave vascular and cause edema

105
Q

What do high ceiling loop diuretics end in?

A

End with: -ide, -mide

Ex:

  • Furosemide (Lasix)
  • Torsemide (Demadex)
  • Bumetanide (Bumex)
106
Q

What are the AE of Furosemide (Lasix)?

A
  • Hypokalemia: K < 3.5, give K or use K-sparing diuretics - monitor electrolytes
  • Ototoxicity
    *
107
Q

What is the MOA of Clonidine & Methyldopa and AE of these drugs?

A

MOA:

  • Blocks vasoconstriction

AE:

  • Dry mouth sedation
  • Severe rebound HTN

Methyldopa: hemolytic anemia, liver dz

108
Q

What is the MOA for Hydralazine?

A

Dilate arterioles = ↓cardiac afterload = ↓cardiac work = ↑CO/perfusion

109
Q

What is the MOA for Nitroglycerin?

A

Dilate veins = ↓cardiac preload = ↓blood return = ↓ventricular filling = ↓cardiac work = ↓CO/perfusion

110
Q

What is the MOA for Sodium nitroprusside?

A

Dilates arterioles & veins

111
Q

What do CALCIUM CHANNEL BLOCKERS (CCBS) end with?

A

End with: -ipine

Ex:

  • Nifedipine (fast-acting)
  • Amlodipine
  • Isradipine
  • Felodipine
112
Q

What is the MOA of Verapamil & Diltiazem?

A
  • Acts on arterioles and the heart
  • Block at peripheral arterioles: ↓ arterial pressure

*

N3540 Pharmacology (5 decks)

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