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N3540 Pharmacology > Final - Content > Flashcards

Final - Content Flashcards

1
Q

Which drug only activates alpha 1 receptors?

A

Phenyleprine

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2
Q

Which drug activates alpha 1 & beta 1 receptors?

A

Dopamine

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3
Q

Which drug activates only beta 1 receptors?

A

Dobutamine

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4
Q

Which drug activates beta 1 & 2 receptors?

A

Isoprotenerol

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5
Q

Which drug only activates beta 2 receptors?

A

Terbutaline

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6
Q

What receptors does dopamine activate?

A

Alpha 1 and beta 1

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7
Q

What receptors does norepinephrine activate?

A

Alpha 1 & 2, Beta 1

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8
Q

What do alpha 1 blockers end in?

A

End in: -sin

Ex: Alfusosin

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9
Q

How are alpha 1 & 2 start and end with what?

A

Start with: Phen

End in: mine

Ex: Phentolamine

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10
Q

Beta 1 blockers start and in what?

A
  • Start with: B,E,A, or M
  • End in: -lol
  • Ex: Atenolol
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11
Q

Beta 1 & 2 blockers end in?

A

End in: -lol

Ex: Carteolol

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12
Q

What do most cholinergic drugs end in?

A

End with: -chol

Ex: Bethanechol, carbachol, acetylcholine

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13
Q

What do most anticholinergic drugs have in there name?

A

Have: -trop-

Ex: Atropine, Ipratropium,Tiotropium

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14
Q

What occurs when the alpha 1 receptors are activated?

A
  1. Pupil dialation
  2. Arterioles constrict
  3. Venous constrict
  4. Male ejaculation
  5. Contraction of prostate
  6. Contraction of tigone & sphincter muscle in bladder
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15
Q

What occurs when the beta 1 receptor is activated?

A
  1. ↑ HR, ↑ contraction
  2. Activation of renin
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16
Q

What occurs when the beta 2 receptor is activated?

A
  1. Arterioles of the heart, lung, and skeletal muscle are dialated
  2. Bronchi of the lungs dilate
  3. Uterus relaxes
  4. Glycogenolysis in the liver
  5. Enhanced contraction of skeletal muscle & glycogenolysis
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17
Q

What are some characteristics of catecholamines and what are some examples?

A

Characteristics:

  • Too big to cross BBB
  • Short duration of action
  • You can’t give this by mouth

Example:

  • Norepinephrine
  • Epinephrine
  • Dobutamine
  • Isoprotenerol
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18
Q

What are some characteristics of Non-catecholamines and what are some examples?

A

Characteristics

  • Long duration
  • Cross BBB / placenta
  • Can be given by mouth

Examples:

  • Phenylephrine
  • Ephedrine
  • Terbutaline
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19
Q

How should oral Penicillin be taken?

A

Take with full glass of water 1 hour before meals or 2 hours after meals

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20
Q

What is the DOC for MRSA?

A

Vancomycin

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21
Q

What are the AE of Vancomycin?

A
  • Nephrotoxicity
  • Ototoxicity (may be permanent if exceed 30mcg/mL)
  • Thrombophlebitis
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22
Q

What drugs are contraindicated with an immunosuppresed pt.?

A
  • Tetracycline
  • Steroids
  • Live vaccinations
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23
Q

What are some adverse effects of tetracycline?

A
  • Renal toxicity
  • Hepatotoxicity
  • Phototoxicity
  • Chelation - don’t combine w/ other stuff

Causes C. difficile

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24
Q

How should tetracycline be taken?

A
  • Should be taken on an empty stomach: give 2 hours before or 2 hours after chelating agents.
  • Council pts to avoid calcium (milk, antacids), iron, magnesium (laxatives), aluminum & zinc for 2 hours before/after taking Tetracyclines.
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25
Can you mix aminoglycosides with penicillins?
**Never** mix PCN and Aminoglycosides in the same IV solution; Mixing increases bacterial kill capability of Aminoglycosides (can use together, but do not mix)
26
What are some adverse effects of AMINOGLYCOSIDEs?
* Reversible nephrotoxicity * Irreversible ototoxicity
27
What is the MOA of sulfonamides?
Suppress bacterial growth & replication by inhibiting synthesis of folic acid; folic acid required by all cells to synthesize DNA, RNA & proteins
28
What are the AE of sulfonamides?
* Renal damage (crystal formation) - take with a lot of water * Hemolytic anemia (esp. African Americans)
29
What do Fluoroquinolones end in?
* End in: oxacin * Ex: Ciprofloxacin
30
What are the adverse effects of Amphotericin B?
* Nephrotoxicity * Infusion reaction
31
What is the MOA for penicillins, cephalosporins, carbapenems, vancomycin?
Weaken cell wall which causes cell wall to take up water & burst (osmotic lysis) = bactericidal
32
What is the MOA for tetracyclines, macrolides, lincosamide, choloramphinicol?
Inhibiting protein synthesis = bacteriostatic
33
What is the MOA for aminoglycosides?
Rapid **bactericidal** action through disruption of protein synthesis (dose dependent)
34
What is the MOA for sulfonamides?
Suppress bacterial growth & replication by inhibiting synthesis of folic acid; folic acid required by all cells to synthesize DNA, RNA & proteins
35
What is the MOA for Fluoroquinolones?
Inhibits bacterial DNA gyrase—enzyme that converts closed circular DNA into a super coiled configuration (for DNA replication)
36
What are the AE of Fluoroquinolones?
* Can cause C. difficle * Possible tendon rupture with systemic use -- Affects achilles tendon * Photosensitivity
37
What is the DOC to treat C. Diff?
Metronidazole
38
What are some AE of Metronidazole?
Nephrotoxicity
39
If a pt. is allergic to penicillins what drug could you give them instead?
Macrolides
40
How is COPD diagnosed?
Diagnosed based on a decrease in FEV1 and forced vital capacity (FVC) ratio to below 75% on spirometry
41
What is the 1st line agent for pts. w/ COPD?
Anticholinergics medications Ex: Ipratropium/Atrovent, Tiotropium/Spiriva, Atropine
42
What is the 1st choice medication for acute exacerbations in a pt. w/ COPD?
Beta2 Agonists Ex: Albuterol, Levalbuterol, Salbutamol
43
When taking a steroid for asthma, what medication should the pt. take before taking the steroid?
Albuterol (beta 2 agonist) to dialate the lungs to make the steroid more effective
44
What is the 1st line treatment for pts w/ moderate-severe asthma?
Inhaled Glucocorticoids Ex: Beclometh**asone,** Momet**asone,** Flutic**asone**
45
What do **inhaled** glucocorticoids end with? ## Footnote
End with: -**asone** Ex: * Beclometh**asone** * Momet**asone** * Flutic**asone**
46
What do PO glucocorticoids end with?
End with: **-isone** / **-isolone** Ex: * Predn**isone** * Predn**isolone** * Fludrocort**isone**
47
Why do you taper off oral glucocorticoids?
To prevent adrenal suppression & bone loss
48
How should you take all glucocorticoids?
In the morning w/ food
49
What is the MOA for leukotriene modifiers?
Suppress effects of leukotriene and decreases bronchoconstriction, inflammation, edema, mucus secretion and recruitment of eosinophils
50
What do most leukotriene modifiers end with?
End with: -**lukast** Ex: * Zafir**lukast** * Monte**lukast**
51
What is the only leukotriene modifier approved for pts. over 1 years old?
Montelukast (Singulair)
52
What are the 1st line drugs for tuberculosis?
1. Isoniazid 2. Rifampin 3. Pyrazinamide 4. Ethambutol / Streptomycin
53
What are the AE of Isoniazid and how do you take this med?
**AE:** * peripheral neuropathy * Hepatotoxicity * Burning dark urine, jaundice, tingling **Take:** * Take on empty stomach
54
What are the AE of Rifampin and how do you take this med?
**AE:** * Discoloration of body fluids * pruritus, rash, chills **Take:** * Give w/ water and no food
55
What are the AE of Pyrazinamide?
AE: * Urination difficulties * photosensitivity
56
What are the AE of Ethambutol and how do you take this med?
**AE:** * Optic neuritis: blurred vision, loss of red/green * Renal impairment * Chills, joint pain/swellin Take: * w/ food
57
What is the MOA for H2 receptor antagonists?
Suppress acid secretion by blocking H2 receptors on parietal cells
58
What do H2 receptor antagonists end with?
End with: -**tidine** Ex: * Cime**tidine** [Tagamet] **BEST TAKEN WITH FOOD** * Famo**tidine** [Pepcid] * Niza**tidine** [Axid] * Rani**tidine** [Zantac]
59
What is the MOA for Proton Pump Inhibitors?
Suppress acid secretion by irreversible inhibiting H+/K+-ATPase, the enzyme that makes gastric acid aka: BLOCKS final step of acid production
60
What do Proton Pump Inhibitors end with?
End with: -Prazole Ex: * Dexlanso**prazole** [Dexilant] * Esome**prazole** [Nexium] * Lanso**prazole** [Prevacid] * Ome**prazole** [Prilosec, Zegerid, Losec] * Panto**prazole** [Protonix]
61
What is the MOA of Sucralfate [Carafate, Sulcrate]?
Forms a barrier over the ulcer crater that protects against acid and pepsin
62
What is the MOA of misoprostol?
Protects against NSAID-induced ulcers by stimulating secretion of mucus and bicarbonate, maintain submucosal blood flow, and suppressing secretion of gastric acid
63
What are some Antacids?
Magnesium hydroxide -- Causes diarrhea Aluminum hydroxide -- Causes constipation
64
When is the best time to take PPI's?
In the morning 30min before meals
65
How should H2 Receptor Antagonist be taken?
With food
66
What drugs have a delayed response in treating constipation?
* Methylcellulose * Psyllium * Polycarbophil * Docusate sodium/calcium * Lactulose
67
What is the MOA for bulk forming laxatives and how should you take it?
**MOA:** * Softens stool by pulling water into small intestine and ↑ of colonic bacteria à ↑ fecal volume à promotes peristalsis **Take:** * Take w/ full glass of water
68
What is the MOA for docustate sodium and how should you take it?
MOA: * ↓ surface tension à water penetrates SI & colon à softening stool Take: * Take w. full glass of water
69
What is the MOA for lactulose?
MOA: * ↓ water absorption, ↑ water in lumen * ↑ excretion of NH3 ß helps pts w/ hepatic disease
70
Which drugs will cause a bowel movement quickly?
* Castor oil (15-60min) * Mineral oil (5-30min) * Glycerin supplements (5-30min)
71
What drugs are used to treat diarrhea?
Opiods: * Diphenoxylate HCL [Lomotil]
72
What do Serotonin Rec Antagonist end with?
End with: -estron Ex: * Ondansetron [Zofran] * Granisetron * Dolasetron * Palonosetron
73
What is the MOA for Serotonin Rec Antagonists?
Blocks 5HT3 receptor on vagal afferents in the CTZ ---\> Prevents nausea and vomiting
74
What do short acting steroids end with?
End with: -**isone** Ex: * Cort**isone** * Hydrocort**isone**
75
What do long acting steroids end with?
End with: -**asone** Ex: * Betameth**asone** * Dexameth**asone**
76
What type of insulin must you roll in your hands before administering?
NPH insulin Ex: Humulin N, Novolin N
77
What are the fasting plasma glucose values?
Normal is \< 100 Diabetes is \> 126
78
What are the casual plasma glucose values?
Normal is \< 200 Diabetes is \> 200
79
What are the oral glucose tolerance test values?
Glucose load of 75g & measure 2 hours later: normal is \<140 Diabetes \> 200
80
What is HgA1?
Reflects average BS past 2-3 months; diabetes is \> 6.5%
81
How does excercise affect people with type 2 diabetes?
Exercise increases insulin receptivity
82
What doe sulfonylureas end in?
End in: -**amide** Ex: * Tolbut**amide** * Acetohex**amide** * Tolaz**amide** * Chlorprop**amide**
83
What is the MOA for sulfonylureas? ## Footnote
* Glucose dependent: ↑ insulin release from pancreas dependent on glucose concentration * Only for type 2
84
What is the DOC for type 2 diabetes?
metformin
85
What is the MOA for metformin?
* ↓ glucose production by liver * ↑ glucose uptake by muscle
86
What are the AE of metfrmin and how should it be taken?
AE: * Weight loss * ↓ appetite * Nausea/diarrhea * **Lactic acidosis** Taken: * W/ food * Can be combined with sulfonylureas or Exenatide
87
What is the MOA for Glitazones and AE?
MOA: * ↓ insulin resistance by ↑ insulin sensitivity of skeletal muscles, liver & tissues * \*Insulin must be present\* AE: * Fluid retention
88
What is the MOA for Levothyroxine and how do you take it?
MOA: * Increases the levels of T4 in the body Take with: * Give 30 min before breakfast * **↓ absorption of thyroid hormone - must give 1 hour apart**
89
What is the MOA of Propylthiouracil (PTU) and how do you take it?
MOA: * Blocks conversion of T4 into T3 (peripheral tissue), does nothing for circulating thyroid hormones Take with: * Take w/ food. If missed, take dose ASAP
90
What is the MOA for Bisphosphonate, what are the AE, and how do you take?
**MOA:** * Prevent the loss of bone mass **AE:** * Esophagitis – if pt lie down/eat w/i 30 min **Take it:** * TAKE in AM on empty stomach w/ full glass of water. * Do NOT lie down OR take any other food or beverages for 30 minutes after taking med
91
What is asprin used for?
* ↓ mild-moderate pain * DOC: ↓fever in adults * Thrombotic disorders * ↓ risk of MI/stroke Nonselective and **irreversible** COX inhibitor
92
What are the AE of Asprin?
* ↑ bleeding by inhibiting plt aggregation (lasts 8 days) * GI distress, heartburn, nausea, edema * Longterm use: GI ulcer, perforation, bleeding
93
What is the MOA of Ibuprofen?
Nonselective and reversible inhibition of COX (1&2) * Anti-inflammatory * Analgesic * Antipyretic * RA and OA
94
What are the AE of ibuprofen?
* GI ulceration * Bleeding * Renal impairment * ↑ risk of thrombolytic even
95
What is Acetaminophen (Tylenol) used for?
* Analgesic (anti-pain) * Antipyretic (anti-fever
96
What are some AE of Acetaminophen (Tylenol)?
↑ risk of warfarin bleeding by ↓ warfarin metabolism in body
97
What is the 1st line agent for HTN?
Hydrochlorothiazide
98
What are some examples of ACE inhibitors?
Lisin**opril ** Capt**opril**
99
What are some AE of ACE inhibitors?
* ↑ K+ lvls * Persistent cough (give ARBs instead?) * 1st dose hypotension (vascular dilation)
100
What are some examples of ARBS?
## Footnote Lo**sartan ** Iber**sartan** NO COUGH
101
What are some AE of ARBS?
* Angioedema (less than ACEI though) * RBF (↓GFR) pts
102
What is the MOA of Spironolactone? ## Footnote
* Blocks actions of aldosterone in distal nephron * ↑K+ lvls * ↓Na+ lvls
103
What is the fastest acting diuretic?
Mannitol
104
What is the MOA of Mannitol and what are some AE?
MOA: * ↑ osmotic pressure in tubule & ↓H2O reabsorption AE: * Can leave vascular and cause edema
105
What do high ceiling loop diuretics end in?
End with: -**ide**, -**mide** Ex: * Furose**mide** (Lasix) * Torse**mide** (Demadex) * Bumetan**ide** (Bumex)
106
What are the AE of Furosemide (Lasix)?
* Hypokalemia: K \< 3.5, give K or use K-sparing diuretics - monitor electrolytes * Ototoxicity *
107
What is the MOA of Clonidine & Methyldopa and AE of these drugs?
**MOA:** * Blocks vasoconstriction **AE:** * Dry mouth sedation * Severe rebound HTN Methyldopa: hemolytic anemia, liver dz
108
What is the MOA for Hydralazine?
Dilate arterioles = ↓cardiac afterload = ↓cardiac work = ↑CO/perfusion
109
What is the MOA for Nitroglycerin?
Dilate veins = ↓cardiac preload = ↓blood return = ↓ventricular filling = ↓cardiac work = ↓CO/perfusion
110
What is the MOA for Sodium nitroprusside?
Dilates arterioles & veins
111
What do CALCIUM CHANNEL BLOCKERS (CCBS) end with?
End with: -**ipine** Ex: * Nifed**ipine** (fast-acting) * Amlod**ipine** * Israd**ipine** * Felod**ipine**
112
What is the MOA of Verapamil & Diltiazem?
* Acts on arterioles and the heart * Block at peripheral arterioles: ↓ arterial pressure *
113

N3540 Pharmacology (5 decks)

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