FINAL COMPS study deck Flashcards
Extinction in Classical conditioning
Withhold the meat, the bell becomes meaningless.
-withhold CR, CS becomes NS
Another name for classical conditioning
Respondent conditioning
Another name for Operant conditioning
Instrumental conditioning
Classical conditioning is associated with what?
involuntary behaviors, learning through associations
Operant conditioning is associated with what?
voluntary behavior, learning through consequences
Best treatment for Phobias
systematic desensitization
-which is exposure therapy. flooding is best, but most clients won’t do it
Best treatment for GAD - therapy and med
CBT, SSRIs
Best treatment for OCD
Exposure with response prevention, SSRI
Best treatment for PTSD
Flooding
Extinction in Operant conditioning
take away the reinforcement
-ignore the child having the tantrum
in Operant conditioning, if behavior is increasing
reinforcement
in Operant conditioning, if behavior is decreasing
punishment
negative reinforcement
Taking away something aversive
ahhhh relief, increasing behavior
seatbelt
avoiding studying
DRO - Differential reinforcement of Other Behaviors
Extinction of one behavior, reinforcement of the other
Stimulus generalization
When a response learned for one stimulus also happens with similar stimuli.
Little Albert, white rat
-fear response to white furry rats, then fear to all white furry things
A child is bitten by a big black dog and becomes scared.
Later, the child feels afraid of all large dogs, or even all dogs in general — even if they weren’t bitten by them.
Response Generalization
Different (but related) responses to the same stimulus
Different responses, same trigger
A child is taught to greet others by saying “Hi.”
Later, the child also begins to: wave, smile, say hello
washing hands, then wash yoga mat, wash counters
Latent learning is from who?
Tolman
Latent learning
learning happens without immediate reinforcement, but only becomes visible/obvious when motivation appears
-Rats in the maze
-they learned without reinforcement, but when there was cheese, they did it quicker
Zeigarnik effect
psychological tendency to remember unfinished or interrupted tasks better than completed ones.
-Unfinished tasks create mental tension
what chromosomes to males have
XY
what chromosomes to females have
XX
Down Syndrome
Extra copy of Chromosome 21
PKU - Phenylketonuria
affects the body’s ability to break down the amino acid phenylalanine
Tay Sach’s
lack of enzyme to break down certain fats
Klinefelter’s syndrome
Affects MALES
Extra X chromosome -> XXY
“Pat”
Turner’s syndrome
Affects WOMEN
-absence of X -> X
Margaret Mahler
Object permanence: 8-12 months
Object constancy - mom and dad are good and bad and will still be there, even if they are mad
separation individuation: 5-24+ months
Stranger anxiety: 5-10 months
Separation anxiety: 10-16 months - most critical for development of attachment with babies
Bowlby
Attachment theory
Ainsworth
Strange Situation paradigm
child in room, caregiver leaves, stranger comes in
shows attachment
Object constancy
child can integrate both good and bad parts of a parent
-parent will still be there
-mom and dad will return to loving me, even if they are angry
Effect of extreme neglect
socially disinhibited
child will go to anyone else
disinhibited social engagement disorder
Centration
Preoperational phase
focusing on one aspect of a situation
Piaget - Assimilation
process of incorporating new information or experiences into existing mental structures or schemas
child sees a cat and calls it a dog because it has 4 legs
Piaget - accommodation
Modifying existing schemas or creating new ones to fit new information
Child sees a cat, realizes it is a cat, different from a dog
Piaget -decalage
uneven development of cognitive abilities
A child may master a concept in one situation but fail to apply it in another similar one.
CT Scan
combines series of x-rays to show structures
-cheap, quick
MRI
magnet/radio waves to show organs and structures
detailed, specific
PET/SPECT
Radioactive tracer to assess function
Post concussion syndrome/symptoms
dizziness, headache, fatigue, sleep problems
Important: Avoid 2nd impact
Require rest brain for 7 days - dark, quiet, calm
Covert sensitization
uses imagery to create a negative association with the unwanted behavior
-The person is guided to mentally visualize themselves engaging in the problematic behavior.
-Then, they are asked to imagine strongly aversive consequences
other names for Reciprocal inhibition
counterconditioning
reciprocal conditioning
reciprocal conditioning/counterconditioning
Take stimulus that triggers negative reaction, pair it with something positive
-social anxiety training - breathing, when faced with social interactions
-scared of dog - so give the kid candy when theyre with a dog, so they aren’t scared of dog.
-sensate focus
Assertiveness training
used for social anxiety d/o
Reciprocal conditioning
Pseudo-dementia
Thinks they have dementia, but they don’t
Cognitive slowing, BUT don’t actually have a problem with memory
Typically due to depression
-this is reversible! can take meds, therapy, etc.
Fluid Intelligence
Block design, motorspeed, Fine motor
Performance related
-ability to solve new problems without relying on past knowledge
-logic, reasoning, learning new things
-peaks in young adulthood, then gradually decreases with age
Fluid FLOWS, flexible thinking - Logical reasoning, pattern recognition
Example: Solving a Sudoku puzzle you’ve never seen before
Crystallized intelligence
-knowledge and facts you’ve learned over time
-vocabulary, math skills, general knowledge
-stuff you’ve stored in your brain through school, reading, life experience
-increases throughout life, and then remains stable
Gilligan’s Theory of gender specific development
Females - relationships, care, connection, responsibility for others, consideration of others, empathy
-morality is seen in context and emotions, rather than fixed rules
males
-prioritize justice and rules
Parkinson’s
-damage to what?
-treatment?
damage to the SUBSTANTIA NIGRA
-lack of motor control, can’t initiate activity (basal ganglia)
-treatment: L-Dopa (amino acid), boosts low levels of dopamine
Tics
-where does it affect in the brain?
-best med?
-what syndrome?
Tourettes’s syndrome
-BASAL GANGLIA, cortex, thalamus
Best med - antipsychotics
Best medication for OCD
SSRI
Best med for ADHD
Stimulant
Best med for Schizophrenia, and neuroT affected
Anti-psychotics
Dopamine
High comorbidity of ADHD with?
OCD and tics/tourettes
Delirium
common with old people
Could be a bladder infection, infection, medication reaction
very sudden, fluctuate daily
confusion, disoriented, might hallucinate
might need: antipsychotics, antibiotics, stop taking med that caused it
Broca’s Aphasia
BROKEN speech
-They understand language, know what they want to say, but can’t get it out
aware, frustrated
left Frontal Lobe
Wernicke’s Aphasia
WACKY words, gibberish
-speech fluent, but nonsensical
unaware - think they’re making sense, but not
left Temporal Lobe
Receptive (understanding) -
can’t understand others
Receptive aphasia
Global Aphasia
damage to both speaking/expressive and receptive/understanding language functions
can’t comprehend language, and minimal speech
Wernicke’s Encephalopathy
Deficiency in Thiamine - Vitamine B1
Longterm alcohol abuse can lead to this
deterioration of the hippocampus - MEMORY
Can cause ATAXIA - balance, movement problems,
-jerky movements, clumsy
can be reversible if caught early
-use a banana bag/IV
Confabulation can happen
Wernicke-Korsakoff
end stage of Wernicke’s Encephalopathy
Confabulation
Psychosis
Anterograde amnesia
-can also cause retrograde amnesia
Apraxia
give you a command but can’t do it/can’t engage in purposeful movement
understand what they’re saying, want to do it
-caused by damage to the Parietal Lobe
Ataxia
Jerking, lurching
A lack of coordination, balance, and control
Movements are jerky, clumsy, or unsteady
caused by problems in the cerebellum
Akathasia
Jitters
-from antipsychotics
feels like skin is crawling
inner restlessness and urgent need to move
Tardive dyskinesia
from antipsychotics
-lip smacking, puckering, tongue thrusting, chewing or grimacing
Parietal Lobe
Propioception - body’s ability to sense its’ position, movement, and orientation withotu visual input - like touching your nose
sensory - texture, heat, cold
if injured - Apraxia
Basal Ganglia
brake, accelerator for movement
-movement disorders
-automatic habits stored here - driving
OCD/tics, Parkinson’s tremors
Frontal Lobe
Executive functioning
-prefrontal cortex
-movement, thinking initiating, reasoning, judgment, behavior, being a human personality
-damage to left, causes Broca’s Aphasia
Occipital Lobe
Back of the brain
“occular”
vision
Temporal Lobe
-Temples
TEMPER
-language, hearing
Amygdala
Hippocampus
Wernicke’s Area
-Wernicke’s aphasia/receptive aphasia
Corpus Callosum
-only part of the brain that men and women have differences in
-Bridge - connects left and right hemisphere, allows them to communicate
Limbic System
Emotion, memory, motivation center, basic human drives
-Hunger, thirst, pain, pleasure, sexual arousal
-Amygdala, Hippocampus, Hypothalamus, Thalamus, Olfactory Bulb
Hypothalamus
regulator, control center
controls - body temp, hunger and thirst, sleep cycles, heart rate and blood pressure
Thalamus
relay/Weigh station/bus station
filters and directs signals
Olfactory Bulb
Smell
-PTSD trigger, linked to memory
connects smells to memory
Amygdala
emotion center
fight, flight, freeze
fear, aggression, emotional memory
Hippocampus
Memory
Neurotransmitters
Dopamine, Serotonin, oxytocin, norepinephrine, acetylcholine, GABA, glutamate, glycine
Dopamine
Pleasure, motivation, reward
addiction, schizophrenia, antipsychotics
Serotonin
Mood, sleep, appetite, emotion, regulation, eating disorders
Norepinephrine
Alertness, arousal, stress response
stress responder + attention booster + blood flow controller. It keeps you alert, ready, and energized—especially in high-pressure situations.
Acetylcholine
learning, memory, muscle activation, REM sleep
-voluntary movement, memory, array in Alzheimers
NeuroT
chemical messenger that neurons use to communicate with each other and with muscles.
learning, attention, muscle memory
GABA
Brain’s main inhibitory neurotransmitter (calms activity)
promotes sleep, calm
glutamate
Brain’s main excitatory neurotransmitter (stimulates activity)
Glutamte - Go!
Crucial for learning, memory, and plasticity
Oxytocin
Bonding, love, trust
Amino Acid NeuroTs
Glutamate, GABA, Glycine
Antipsychotics used for?
Schizophrenia
Antipsychotic info
Neuroleptic
blocks dopamine receptors
Extrapyramidal Symptoms - tardive dyskenisia, akathisia
used for tourettes, and schizophrenia
Anti-depressants
-what are they? types?
-withdrawal sxs
SSRIs - increase serotonin levels by blocking reuptake inhibitor
SNRIs - serotonine and norepinephrine
withdrawal symptoms - suicidal thoughts, depression, brain fog, headache, anxiety GI stuff
Mood stabilizers, used for? side effects? withdrawal?
Lithium - used for bipolar
side effects - weight gain, sedation
wtihdrawal - rebound mood swings, irritability, depression, insomnia, fatigue, tremors, seizures
Stimulants, used for? side effects? withdrawal?
ADHD - paradoxical effect, turns down NS
side effects - resltessness, insomnia, headache, GI distress/no appetite, irritability, tics
withdrawal - fatigue, depression, mood swings
Benzodiazepenes, used for? side effects? withdrawal?
anxiety, panic attacks, panic disorder
Side effects - sedation, confusion, fatigue, headache, dry mouth, irritability, mood swings
Withdrawal symptoms - dangerous, life threatening, Anxiety, insomnia, tremors, seizures if stopped suddenly after long-term use
-highly addictive
-rebound excitation - can have worse symptoms than before taking the med
anti-cholinergic effects
Dry mouth, blurred vision, constipation
Can’t see, can’t pee, can’t spit, can’t shit
-happens with antipsychotics, antihistamines, etc.
Alcohol - withdrawal, intoxication sxs
MOST dangerous to withdrawal from:
-seizures, delirium tremens
-fever, sweat, racing heart (tachycardia), high BP
-intoxication sxs - drowsy, motor problems/coordination, depressant, slow irregular breathing, vomiting, heart attack, stroke, death coma
sxs of opiod intoxication and withdrawal
intox- slowed, absent breathing, can use narcan
withdrawal - uncomfortable, but not dangerous, anxiety, agitation, sweating, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea
Benzos and cross tolerance
Cross-tolerance to alcohol
-high tolerance to benzos, high tolerance to alcohol
if take both - highly intoxicated, memory loss
Sxs of caffeine intoxiation, withdrawal
intox - restlessness, nervousness, excitement, insomnia, flushed face, diuresis (peeing a lot), muscle twitching, tachycardia
withdrawal - headache, drowsiness, fatigue, poor concentration, dysphoria, tremors
Figure weights
on WAIS
scale - need to balance
-measures quantitative reasoing, problem solving skills
-FLUID intelligence
-seniors would do poorly here
Releasing test results - when is it ok?
-have to release raw data now, when it’s requested
Deception in research is only acceptable when
study has strong scientific value and non-deceptive alternatives are not available
-a full debriefing should occur asap
APA Ethics code - standards and principles….
Standards - Enforceable
Principles - Aspirational
Purpose of projective tests
-reveal unconscious thoughts, emotions, personality traits, schemas
Autism Spectrum Disorder
Delayed speech, repetitive behaviors, social difficulties
limited eye contact, sensory sensitivities, rigidity in routines
-fixations
Persistent deficits in social communication and social interaction across multiple contexts
Restricted, repetitive patterns of behavior, interests, or activities
Symptoms must be present in the early developmental period
MUST HAVE: Restricted pattern of interests and social communication deficits
ADHD
Inattention, hyperactivity, impulsivity
sxs present before age 12
Separation Anxiety
Intense and persistent fear of being separated from a primary caregiver, or attachment figure that is far beyond what is developmentally appropriate
Disinhibited Social Engagement Disorder
-occurs in children who have severe neglect, abuse, inconsistent caregiving
-child seeks out and interacts with unfamiliar adults
-little regard for reconnecting with adult caregivers
-lack of normal social boundaries
Schizoaffective
Delusions, hallucinations, disorganized speech or behavior, negative symptoms, mood disorder (depression or mania)
PSYCHOSIS + MOOD DISORDER
-meds - antipsychotic + mood stabilizer
-psychosis can occur outside of mood disorder
A person with schizoaffective disorder has at least 2 weeks where psychotic symptoms are present without any mood disorder
Schizophrenia
delusions, hallucinations, disorganized speech or behavior, negative symptoms,
-NO MOOD DISORDER
-mood sxs might be present, but only occasional
psychotic sxs occur even when mood is stable
Psychosis is ongoing, mood symptoms minor or brief
medication - antipsychotic
Bipolar 1
atleast 1 full Manic episode - atleast 1 week
severe mania - can involve psychosis or hospitalization
-significant impairment
full mania with or without depression
Lithium
Bipolar 2
atleast 1 hypomanic + 1 major depressive episode
less severe impairment
lithium, maybe antidepressants
Delusional Disorder
Presence of one or more delusions that last at least 1 month
-NO hallucination, disorganized thought or negative sxs
delusions - erotomanic (celebrity is in love with me), grandiose, persecutory, jealous,
antipsychotics
Social Anxiety d/o
Fear of being judged, embarassed, or humiliated in social or performance situations
-anxiety, avoidance, physical symptoms, fear is out of proportion, unable to control it
Generalized Anxiety Disorder
GAD
excessive, uncontrollable worry about multiple areas of life
-worry all the time, without a specific threat
restlessness, fatigue, trouble concentrating, muscle tension, sleep issues
-at least 6 months of worry
-SSRIs, CBT
OCD
Obsessions (unwanted intrusive thoughts) and compulsions (repetitive behaviors to reduce anxiety)
-knows it’s irrational, but still feels compelled
-time consuming
-causes significant distress or impairment
med - SSRIs
Obsessive Compulsive Personality Disorder
Rigid, perfectionistic, overly focused on control and rules
WITHOUT obsessions/compulsions
-preoccupied with orderliness, rules perfectionism
-my way or no way - egosyntonic
Critical Incident Debriefing
HARMFUL, AVOID
-interferes with natural coping, risk of re-traumatization
Safety issues to consider when working with DV
safety planning, confidentiality and limits, don’t pressure for immediate action, respect autonomy, risk increases when they try to leave, trauma-informed care, assess for children’s safety, referrals/resources, document
Agoraphobia - treatment and med
Systematic Desensitization, SSRI
ECT
Electroconvulsive Therapy
-for severe, treatment-resistant depression with psychotic features or catatonia
-brief electrical stimulation of the brain under anesthesia
-cons: short-term memory loss, need anesthesia, stigma
Ketamine
for depression, PTSD, SI
fast-acting - relief in hours to days
works on glutamate system
IV and nasal spray
Does Bipolar have genetic component?
YES!
-60-85% heritable
Lithium - mood stabilizer
Does Schizophrenia have genetic component?
YES!
70-80% heritability
antipsychotic
Yalom - group therapy approaches
- Forming
- Storming
- Norming
- Performing
- Adjourning
Basic psychodynamic defense mechanisms - Freud
-Sexual and aggressive drives
repression, denial, projection, displacement
unconscious conflict, intellectualization
early childhood
Basic psychodynamic defense mechanisms - Adler
Children should experience natural consequences of their behavior
kids have inferiority complex, self-defeating
-social connection, purpose, and overcoming inferiority
Structural Family Therapy
Minuchin
-organization and structure, subsystems, hierarchy, roles
boundaries -rigid, clear, diffuse/enmeshed
Strategic Family Therapy
Haley, Madanes
Solving specific problems by changing communication and behavioral patterns
-using symptoms as strategies
-power dynamics, control, problem-maintaining sequences, power imbalances, circular causality
-uses Paradoxical interventions
REBT
Rational Emotive Behavioral Thearpy
-Albert Ellis
Beliefs about events, rather than the events themselves, cause emotional distress
ABC - activating event, belief, consequence
challenge and replace irrational beliefs
ACT
Acceptance and Commitment Therapy
-Live a meaningful life by accepting what you can’t control and committing to actions that align with your values.
-good for people with rigid thoughts and would benefit from mindfulness based approaches
Primary Prevention
Stop the problem before it starts
-vaccinations, healthy lifestyle
Secondary Prevention
Catch it early
-cancer screenings, blood pressure checks, cholesterol screenings
Tertiary Prevention
Treat and manage longterm, it already happened
-Physical therapy, chemotherapy, support groups
What part of the brain is least developed at birth?
Cortex
what is Bandura known for?
Social Learning Theory
Skinner known for?
Operant/Instrumental conditioning
Who created classical conditioning? and other name for it?
Pavlov
Respondent
Expert witness
Testifies based on specialized knowledge, training, or experience.
Court decides who is an expert witness.
can give opinions based on knowledge, training, data, etc.
Fact Witness
What I Saw
Testifies to what they directly observed or experienced
-not giving opinions, just describing
Cerebral Palsy can happen….
Before, during, or after birth
Gestalt therapy
Fritz Perls
-Focus on present moment, self-awareness, how we experience life as a whole
It’s experiential, active, and helps people integrate all parts of themselves.
If there’s a issue with a colleague - steps
First try to resolve it on own, if can’t resolve, report it
UNLESS confidenitiality rights of client will be violated
Beck
Cognitive therapy
Automatic Thinking and logical errors
-our thoughts influence our feelings and behaviors.
laying the foundation for CBT
Meichenbaum
Positive self statements
changing how people think and talk to themselves (self-talk) to improve how they behave
aversive conditioning
-antabuse, gross tasting nailpolish on nails
-pairing a high reward behavior with an aversive stimulus
-Pairing an unwanted stimulus or behavior with something unpleasant
