Bio Flashcards
Down Syndrome
Extra Chromosone 21
Tay Sachs
cause - lack of enzyme to break down certain fats
PKU
Phenylketonuria - lack of enzyme to break down amino acids - avoid meat, dairy, eggs
Frontal Lobe
executive functioning, being a human, personality
Parietal Lobe
propioception - know where body is in space.
-knowing right from left, sensation, body orientation
-touch, temperature, pain
Occipital lobe
-back of the brain
-“occular” -vision
-primary visual cortex
Temporal Lobe
-temper
-amygdala is here
-language, behavior, memory, hearing, emotional regulation
-Longterm explicit memory
Corpus Callosum
-BRIDGE - connects left and right brain
-only part of brain that men and women have difference in
Limbic System
-amygdala, hypothalamus, olfactory bulb, thalamus, hippocampus
-regulates emotions, memory, and motivation
Amygdala
fight, flight, feeze
emotional regulation
Olfactory Bulb
-processes info about smells
-smell could be a PTSD trigger
Hypothalamus
Regulator, control center
-controls body temp, hunger and thirst
Thalamus
weigh station/bus station
-receives sensory info, filters, and directs signals
-processes and prioritizes information efficiently
Hippocampus
Memory
Basal Ganglia
brake and acceleration for movement, tremors, automatic habits
-Parkinsons, OCD, Tics
Brainstem
controls basic life functions
-regulates autonomic functions - breathing, heart rate, blood pressure
Left side brain
Logic
Right side of brain
creative and inuitive
Pineal gland
sleep
-produces melatonin
-mood and seasonal bio changes
-third eye
Supra-chiasmatic nucleus
sends info to the pineal gland
CIRCADIAN CLOCK
-responsible for circadium rhythym
-body’s master clock
-regulates sleep-wake cycles
-responsible in sleep disorders
Aphasia
problems with language
Broca’s Aphasia
understand language, know what they want to say, but can’t get it out
-sound like a broken machine-aware, frustrated
-difficulty in fluency and articulation
-can comprehend
-difficulty repeating words
Wernicke’s Aphasia
WACKY
Can speak, but not making sense
-word salad, gibberish
-unaware
-left frontal lobe
can’t comprehend speech
-speak fluently, rhythm of speech (prosody) is intact
-can’t repeat words
Conduction aphasia
-in between
-affects repetition of sounds
-difficulty repeating words
-intact comprehension, fluency, and prosody, can’t repeat words
Contusion
bruising of the brain
Retrograde amnesia
don’t know what happened before
anterograde
lack of memory moving FORWARD
-can’t learn anything new
Jacksonian seizure
simple partial seizure
-aware
-may march into other areas
-starts in focla, frontal lobe
-lip smack, droop, muscle cramp, hallucination
AKA - focal motor seizure
Gran Mal Seizure
Tonic - stiffening of the muscles
Clonic - rhythymic jerking
out of it, lose consciousness
both hemispheres of the brain
atonic
drop like a sack of potatoes
petit mal seizure
“little bad”
-affects consciousness no convulsions
-usually in children
-staring blankly, confusion, lose time, may repeat words
-don’t remember event
-FOCAL
PET/SPECT scan
uses radioactive tracer
-used for demonstrating brain activity or functioning
CT Scan
quick, cheap
-series of x-rays
-used for visualization of brain structure
MRI
magnet/radio waves
-detailed, specific
Wernicke’s encephalopathy
caused by deficiency in thiamine - Vitamin B1
-Ataxia
-Alcohol abuse, malnutrition
Ataxia
Lack of coordination or balance
Wernicke-Korsakoff
-confabulation - make stories up, fill in the gaps
-major memory loss - usually anterograde, but could be both
-could have hallucinations
Parkinson’s
Substantia Nigra damage
-treatment: L-Dopa
Best treatment for Schizophrenia
Antipsychotics
Apraxia
Can’t carry out purposeful movement
-can’t scratch your nose
Agnosia
Don’t recognize
Best med for Bipolar
Lithium, anti-convulsant (anti-seizure meds)
ADHD
Stimulants
Panic disorder
SSRI
Dopamine is a causative agent in what disorder?
Schizophrenia
Right hemisphere stroke causes?
effects left side of body
-indifference or euphoria
Left hemisphere stroke causes?
weakness on right side
-depression
At birth, the brain is what size?
1/4 to 1/3 size of adult size
The brain at birth has as many what as an adult brain?
Neurons
The brain is what % at age 9?
90% of adult size
symptoms - flushed face, rambling speech, tachycardia, restlessness, and diureses
Caffeine Intoxication
Slow, irregular breathing, vomiting
Heart attack, stroke, coma, death
Alcohol intoxication
Seizures, delirium tremens
fever/sweat, racing heart, High BP
Alcohol Withdrawal
Slowed, absent breathing
opioid intoxication - not dangerous
What is L-Dopa?
Amino Acid - used for treatment of Parkinson’s disease
what is cross-tolerant with Benzos/sedatives?
Alcohol
Cross tolerance for Hypnotics?
anxiolytics
too little of dopamine causes what?
Parkinson’s
Too much dopamine causes what?
Schizophrenia
Postconcussion symptoms
fatigue, sleep problems, headache, dizziness
Brachycardia
heart beats too slow
tachycardia
heart beats too fast
withdrawal from benzos and alcohol
can be fatal if done abruptly, may cause seizures
side effects of traditional antipsychotic meds
dry mouth, constipation, blurred vision, tardive dyskinesia
anticholinergic effects
dry mouth, contipation, blurred vision
anticholinergic
block the action of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine
Neurotransmitters
acetylcholine, dopamine, serotonin, norepinephrine, glutamate, and GABA
Abrupt cessation from benzos can cause….
rebound anxiety, hand tremor, insomnia, nausea or vomiting, seizures
Opioid withdrawal
fever, diarrhea, dysphoric mood
Cocaine/amphetamine withdrawal
dysphoric mood
