FINAL CHYEEA Flashcards
Formal and informal socialization variables and how these shape the officer
Formal socialization in the academy…“Less a learning process and more a ritual hazing to be endured” (Moskos 21).
Informal socialization through interactions with superiors and coworkers on the job.
Civil Rights Act of 1964 & Title VII & Equal Employment Opportunity Act (EEOA) of 1972
CRA 1964: Prohibits all job discrimination based on gender, race, religion, sex.
EEOA 1972: puts more teeth into Title VII; says that organizations will have to recruit underrepresented persons. CRUCIAL for the change in diversity
How has the college degree affected policing? How many departments require degrees / how many officers have one?
Only 1% of departments require a degree.
55% of local officers had some secondary education (1989)
What is the educational generation gap?
In 1960s, 80% of all sworn officers had only high school education
By 1988, only 35% had high school degree only
By 1989, 55% of local officers had some college education
What are the six core beliefs of the policing subculture?
Police are the only real crime fighters.
Only the police understand police.
Loyalty to one another is paramount.
The “War on Crime” can only be won by bending a few rules.
The public doesn’t support the police.
Patrol work is the pits. Detective work is glamorous.
Violanti
Officers become “addicted to excitement and danger,” creating isolation from other “social roles.”
Westley
A culture stressing “secrecy and violence”; much of the way that police enforce the law on the street have to do with the use or threat or violence.
Secrecy = Loyalty – officers sometimes leave things out to protect coworkers
Public is an adversary
Skolnick
Work environment key source of socialization:
Sense of danger shapes officer’s “world view”
Selective and negative contacts with public feeds senses of suspicion and frustration
Shift work” gives officers an “after dark” orientation to the world
How are police affected by suicide and domestic violence?
suicide: 18 per 100,000 compared to 11
DV: NCWP found 40% of policing families experience DV
What are the stats and trends of officers being feloniously assaulted or killed on the job?
Very small, half of line-of-duty deaths are accidental or health-related.
Not in top ten list of deadly occupations.
Code of silence
Blue curtain
Blue wall
Informal code of loyalty.
“You kick some punk down the stairs in front of ten cops and you have ten friends…young officers tested one another…how much bad could you entrusted to see before you ratted on another cop?” (Michael Dowd to Mollen commission in 1993, see Lyman p. 223)
What are two forms of gender discrimination / harassment on the job?
Quid Pro Quo: Courts like to have “clear evidence” (quid pro quo) that harassment has occurred
Hostile work environment: Explicit calendars, leaving notes in locker, inappropriate jokes. Much more amorphous. Really hard to prove in court.
“The New Paradigm” in FBI’s response to terrorist/suspected terrorist activities
FBI IS NOW BOTH LAW ENFORCEMENT AND INTELLIGENCE AGENCY
removes “walls” thought to inhibit information sharing between intelligence and law enforcement agencies – these organizations can now share information and don’t have to worry about being sanctioned for it.
Revisions to FISA Act under Patriot Act
intelligence gathering can be “significant purpose” of FISA warrant rather than its “primary purpose”
Loophole allowed for building of criminal cases
Use of warantless searches of citizens allowed if one party in exchange is outside of US
Delayed notification of search warrants (find evidence now, get warrant later)
National Security Letters
written demands from the FBI that compel internet service providers, credit companies, financial institutions and others to hand over confidential records about their customers, such as subscriber information, phone numbers and e-mail addresses, websites visited and more
Data Mining
the process of analyzing data from different perspectives and summarizing it into useful information
Domain Management
not sure. part of the patriot act.
Policing ethics and why these are important
Expected to exhibit a higher standard of behavior
Right to deprive people of their freedom
Rule of law, justice and fairness need to frame code of ethics
Costs of corruption
- Undermines integrity of system (lying and cheating)
- Undermines professionalism
- Costs financially through payments of bribes, costs of investigation and lawsuits;
- Undermines public confidence
Knapp Commission
Knapp Commission (NYC, 1970s) Much of it built on testimony of Frank
Serpico
Grass eaters vs. Meat eaters
There was some form of corruption within the entire agency
Meat eaters actively taking things from evidence room
Mollen Commission
Michael Dowd’s testimony on acts of excessive force to “test” an officers tolerance for corruption (Lyman: 233) – if you kick somebody down the stairs you have ten friends supporting you
Rampart scandal
Established community resources against street hoodlums aka CRASH. Officers armed with tool that gave them free reign to intervene in suspected gang behaviors.
o Allegations of drug planting and drug-taking.
o Rafael Perez testified against CRASH saying that gang unit acted as a gang itself. Initiation Srituals involving beating new officers. (YouTube – Rampart [The Real Rampart] Part 1)
Moral careers of corrupt officers
Sherman: conditions support corruption
corruption begins in small ways and is justified by citizen offenders
