Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Clinical Conditions II > Final - Cardiovascular Conditions > Flashcards

Final - Cardiovascular Conditions Flashcards

1
Q

Modifiable Risk Factors of CAD

A
  • Dislipidemia
  • Smoking
  • Hypertension
  • Diabetes
  • Obesity
  • Thrombogenic Factors
  • Sedentary Lifestyle
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Non-Modifiable Risk Factors for CAD

A
  • Family history of CAD
  • Age
  • Sex
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Levels of Risk Associated with CAD

A
  • Hypertension: DBP >90
  • Smoking
  • Serum total cholesterol level >240 mg/Dl
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What does high blood pressure put you at risk for?

A

stroke and heart disease

leading causes of death in US

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

High blood pressure increases risk of:

A
  • CAD
  • Stroke
  • heart failure
  • PAD
  • AD
  • chronic kidney disease
  • Dementia (vascular, Alzheimer’s)
  • Mild Cognitive Deficits
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Who gets hypertension?

A
  • more common in older people
  • males > females up to age 64
  • females > males after age 65
  • more common and severe in african americans
  • positive family history
  • obesity
  • diabetics
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

For persons over age 50, what is the more important number as a CAD risk factor?

A

SBP rather than DBP

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What does blood pressure vary with?

A
  • strength of the heartbeat
  • elasticity of the arterial walls
  • volume and viscosity of the blood
  • health, age, and physical condition of a person
  • location of measurement
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Hypertensive readings are based on the average of what?

A

two or more readings taken at two or more visits

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Primary HTN

A
  • AKA Essential HTN
  • accounts for 95% of cases of HTN
  • no universally established cause
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Secondary HTN

A
  • less common cause (5%)

- secondary to other potentially rectifiable causes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Identifiable causes of Secondary Hypertension

A
  • sleep apnea
  • drug induced or related causes
  • CKD
  • primary aldosteronism
  • renovascular disease
  • chronic steroid therapy or Cushing’s syndrome
  • Pheochromocytoma
  • Coarctation or the aorta
  • Thyroid of Parathyroid disease
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Renin Angiotensin Aldosterone System

A

Slide 19

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Symptoms of HTN

A
  • headache
  • dizziness
  • blurred vision
  • shortness of breath (especially with exertion)
  • chest pain
  • rapid pulse, palpitations
  • malaise and fatigue
  • *frequently no symptoms at all
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Elevated BP

A

120-129 / < 80

Treated with lifestyle modifications

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Stage 1 HTN

A

130-139 / 80- 89

treated with lifestyle modification and medication for those with CVD

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Stage 2 HTN

A

> 140 / >90

Treated with life style modification and medications

18
Q

Lifestyle and diet modifications to reduce blood pressure

A
  • weight reduction
  • adopt DASH eating plan
  • dietary sodium reduction
  • physical activity
  • moderation of alcohol reduction
19
Q

Anti-hypertensive Medications

A
  • Thiazide type diuretics
  • ACE
  • Beta Blockers
  • Calcium channel blockers
  • Angiotensin Receptor blockers
20
Q

ACE inhibitors

A

ends in -pril

21
Q

Angiotensin Receptor Blockers

A

end in -artan

22
Q

Beta blockers

A

ends in -lol

23
Q

Calcium channel blockers

A

ends in -ipine

24
Q

What can thiazide type diuretics induce?

A

hypokalemia

Hydrocholorthiazide or Chlorthalidone

25
Q

What do ACE inhibitors do?

A

blocks the conversion of Angiotensin I to Angiotensin II

26
Q

What do calcium channel blockers do?

A
  • slows SA node

- slows heart rate and lowers blood pressure

27
Q

Types of Acute Coronary Syndromes (ACS)

A
  • unstable angina (no permanent damage)

- MI (non ST elevation MI or ST elevation MI)

28
Q

Vulnerable Plaque

A

contains:

  • T Lymphocyes
  • macrophage foam cell
  • activated intimal SMC
  • normal medal SMC
29
Q

Angina

A
  • occurs with activity, stress
  • pain is described as pressure, squeezing, heaviness, may be associated with diaphoresis, nausea or vomiting and/or shortness of breath
  • relieved with rest or nitroglycerin (relieved after 2-5 mins)
30
Q

Immediate treatment for NSTEMI

A
  • anti-ischemic
  • anti-platelet/ anti-thrombotic
  • invasive strategy - cardiac cath
31
Q

Anti-ischemic Rx

A
  • best rest
  • nitroglycerin
  • oxygen –> at least 92%
  • morphine –> relaxing and vasodilating
  • Beta Blocker (metoprolol)
  • possibly calcium channel blocker (verapamil)
  • ACE inhibitor for decreased LV function
32
Q

Anti-Platelet/ Anti-thrombotic Rx

A
  • Aspirin
  • Heparin –> prevents clot from getting bigger
  • Add platelet Gb IIb/IIIa receptor antagonist
33
Q

STEMI Criteria

A
  • elevated serial enzymes

- ST elevation in 2 or more leads (dont even wait for blood work to come back)

34
Q

Immediate Rx for STEMI

A
  • Anti-ischemic
  • Anti-platelet/ anti-thrombotic
  • invasive strategy: cardiac cath/ PCI within 90 minutes of presentation
35
Q

Hospital Discharge Care

A 
Aspirin and Anticoagulants
Beta Blockers and Blood Pressure
Cholesterol and Cigarettes
Diet and Diabetes
Education and Exercise
36
Q

Candidates for Cardiac Cath

A
  • MI
  • Known CAD
  • Positive stress test
  • Not reach target heart rate on stress test
  • possible heart failure
  • structural deformities
  • identified bacterial infection
37
Q

Goal of Cardiac Cath (left system)

A
  • identify location of CAD (if any) for PCA or CABG
  • Measure left ventricle ejection fracture
  • if needed, measure aortic valve
38
Q

Risk of Cardiac Procedure

A
  • Very rare, death, MI, stroke, renal failure
  • bleeding 2-5% (biggest risk)
  • allergic reaction to dye
39
Q

Patient population for Percutaneous Transluminal Coronary Artery (PTCA/Stent)

A
  • blockage greater than 70%
  • pt is a candidate for CABG
    • left main disease
    • proximal LAD
    • triple vessel disease
40
Q

PTCA/ Stent Protocols

A
  • Pts typically stay in bed for 4-6 hrs after procedure
  • May resume regular activities in 4-5 days
  • Pt discharged from hospital 1 day after procedure
  • If received stent, discharged on anticoagulant

Clinical Conditions II (11 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions