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Anatomy Lab > Final Brain Anatomy > Flashcards

Final Brain Anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

Name the four major brain regions

A

Cerebrum, Diencephalon, brainstem, cerebellum

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2
Q

what is gyri?

A

ridges ( bumps)

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3
Q

what is sulci?

A

depressions between ridges

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4
Q

what are fissures ?

A

deep sulci

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5
Q

brain is protected by

A

bone, meninges, CFS, blood - brain barrier

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6
Q

what does the blood brain barrier do?

A

controls what passes from blood to the brain

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7
Q

what is the role of cranial meninges

A

help contain and circulate cerebrospinal fluid

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8
Q

from deep to superficial name the three layers of meninges

A

pia mater, arachnoid mater, dura mater

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9
Q

subarachnoid space contains

A

cerebrospinal fluid

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10
Q

pia mater is the innermost of the meninges and adheres

A

to the brain surface

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11
Q

where does the arachnoid mater lie ?

A

external to pia mater

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12
Q

dura mater keeps the

A

2 hemispheres from clashing

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13
Q

what is dura mater made of ?

A

dense irregular connective tissue in 2 layers

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14
Q

name the 2 layers of dura mater

A

meningeal layer which is the deeper layer and periosteal layer which is the more superficial layer

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15
Q

periosteal layer of dura mater sticks

A

directly to bone

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16
Q

what drains blood from the brain?

A

dural venous sinuses

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17
Q

what is the cranial dural septa

A

double layers of dura mater that extend into cranial cavity

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18
Q

name the four cranial dural septa

A

falx cerebri, tentorium cerebelli, falx cerebelli, diaphragma sellae

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19
Q

what is the epidural space?

A

separation between dura mater and the bones of the skull

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20
Q

falx cerebri is located

A

on midline, and projects into longitudinal fissure between the cerebral hemispheres

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21
Q

what is the “tent” that separates occipital and temporal lobes from cerebellum called?

A

tentorium cerebelli

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22
Q

which cranial dural septa runs vertically in midsagittal plane?

A

falx cerebelli

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23
Q

what are ventricles and what do they contain?

A

cavities within the brain, contain cerebrospinal fluid

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24
Q

ventricles connect with

A

eachother and with spinal cord’s central canal

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25
Q

how many ventricles are within the brain?

A

four

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26
Q

name the 4 ventricles

A

two lateral ventricles, third ventricle and fourth ventricle

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27
Q

what separates the two lateral ventricles ?

A

septum pellucidum

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28
Q

where is the third ventricle located ?

A

in a narrow space in middle of diencephalon

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29
Q

what is connected to each lateral ventricle by an interventricular foramen?

A

third ventricle

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30
Q

what does the fourth ventricle merge with after narrowing ?

A

central canal of spinal cord

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31
Q

fourth ventricle is connected to third ventricle by

A

cerebral aqueduct

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32
Q

what are the functions of CFS?

A

buoyancy, protection and environmental stability

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33
Q

how is the CFS formed ?

A

formed by choroid plexus in each ventricle

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34
Q

excess CSF flows into _____ and drains into____

A

arachnoid villi, dural venous sinuses

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35
Q

what is filtered through capillary and modified by ependymal cells

A

blood plasma

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36
Q

what is the cerebrum responsible for ?

A

intelligence/reasoning, thought/memory, voluntary control of skeletal muscle and conscious perception of senses

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37
Q

cerebrum is composed of left and right

A

cerebral hemispheres

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38
Q

what is the longitudinal fissure?

A

deep cleft separating the hemispheres

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39
Q

what is the corpus callosum

A

largest tract providing connection between the two hemispheres

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40
Q

each hemispheres interacts with

A

opposite side of body

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41
Q

which side of the hemisphere is speech located in?

A

left hemisphere

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42
Q

what is the cerebral lateralization?

A

distribution of functions between the right and the left side of the brain.

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43
Q

how many lobes are in each hemisphere?

A

five lobes

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44
Q

how many and which lobes overlie the cranial bones

A

four lobes which include frontal , parietal, temporal and occipital

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45
Q

which lobe is not visible at surface?

A

insular lobe

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46
Q

which lobe is the anterior part of cerebrum?

A

frontal

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47
Q

what is the posterior border of frontal lobe

A

central sulcus

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48
Q

what does the precentral gyrus controls

A

voluntary movement

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49
Q

what separates inferior frontal lobe from temporal lobe

A

lateral sulcus

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50
Q

name the functions of the frontal lobe

A

motor control, concentration, verbal communication, decision making/planning/personality

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51
Q

name the superoposterior part of cerebrum

A

parietal lobe

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52
Q

what is the anterior border of the parietal lobe

A

central sulcus

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53
Q

what is the posterior border of parietal lobe

A

parieto-occipital sulcus

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54
Q

what is the lateral border of the parietal lobe

A

lateral sulcus

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55
Q

what is the function of parietal lobe

A

serves general sensory functions

56
Q

which lobe is located inferior to lateral sulcus?

A

temporal lobe

57
Q

what are the functions of temporal lobe

A

hearing and smell

58
Q

what is the posterior part of cerebrum?

A

occipital lobe

59
Q

what are the functions of the occipital lobe

A

vision and visual memories

60
Q

which lobe is deep to lateral sulcus

A

insula

61
Q

which lobe can be seen by pulling away temporal lobe?

A

insula lobe

62
Q

name the functions of the insula lobe

A

memory and sense of taste

63
Q

the motor areas of the cerebrum is housed

A

within frontal lobes

64
Q

where is the primary motor cortex located

A

precentral gyrus

65
Q

the primary motor cortex is also called

A

somatic motor area

66
Q

what does the primary motor cortex control

A

skeletal muscle activity on opposite side of body

67
Q

what is the motor homunculus ?

A

depicts the involvement of the primary motor cortex in producing movements of regions of the body. for ex: hands are large bc large area of brain controls their precise movements

68
Q

where is the primary somatosensory cortex located ?

A

postcentral gyrus of parietal lobes

69
Q

from which receptor does the primary somatosensory cortex receives somatic sensory info?

A

proprioceptors on the skin

70
Q

which area is located posterior to postcentral gyrus in parietal lobe

A

somatosensory association area

71
Q

what is the central white matter composed of

A

myelinated axons grouped into tracts

72
Q

where is the central white matter located

A

deep to gray cerebral cortex

73
Q

what are association tracts

A

connect regions of cerebral cortex within same hemisphere

74
Q

what are commissural tracts

A

connect regions in different hemispheres

75
Q

what are projection tracts

A

a type of white matter tract that links cerebral cortex to inferior brain regions and spinal cord

76
Q

what makes up the diencephalon

A

epithalamus, thalamus and hypothalamus

77
Q

what is the epithalamus

A

forms posterior part of roof of diencephalon and covers third ventricle

78
Q

the pineal grand secretes

A

melatonin

79
Q

where is the thalamus located

A

lateral sides of third ventricle

80
Q

what is responsible for filtering out background noise in a crowded room

A

thalamus

81
Q

the thalamus receives signals from all conscious senses except

A

olfaction

82
Q

what is the anteroinferior region of the diencephalon

A

hypothalamus

83
Q

what are the functions of the hypothalamus

A

control of autonomic nervous system, endocrine system and regulation of body temp., food/water intake, sleep-wake rhythms and emotional behavior

84
Q

what is an infundibulum

A

stalk of pituitary that extends from hypothalamus

85
Q

what does the brainstem connect

A

cerebrum , diencephalon and cerebellum to spinal cord

86
Q

what does the brainstem consists of

A

midbrain, pons and medulla oblongata

87
Q

what connects cerebellum to midbrain

A

superior cerebellar peduncles

88
Q

cerebral peduncles

A

motor tracts on surface of midbrain

89
Q

what connects cerebellum to midbrain

A

superior cerebellar peduncles

90
Q

what connects third and fourth ventricles

A

cerebral aqueduct

91
Q

midbrain houses nuclei of which cranial nerves

A

CN 3 and 4

92
Q

tectum contains a pair of superior colliculi which control

A

visual reflexes and tracking

93
Q

tectum contains a pair of inferior colliculi which control

A

auditory reflexes

94
Q

what is the bulging on anterior brainstem called

A

pons

95
Q

the pontine respiratory center helps regulate

A

skeletal muscles of breathing

96
Q

which cranial nerve nuclei are located in the pons

A

CN 5- 8

97
Q

what is the inferior portion of the brainstem

A

medulla oblongata

98
Q

what are the pair of ridges on anterior surface of medulla oblongata called

A

pyramids

99
Q

pyramids on medulla oblongata house corticospinal tracts for ___

A

motor control

100
Q

what are the bulges lateral to each pyramid called

A

olives

101
Q

olives on medulla oblongata relay proprioceptive information to

A

cerebellum

102
Q

autonomic nuclei of medulla consists of a

A

cardiovascular center

103
Q

the cardiovascular center of medulla is composed of

A

cardiac center, vasomotor, medullary respiratory center

104
Q

cardiac center regulates

A

hearts output

105
Q

vasomotor center regulates

A

blood vessel diameter which influences blood pressure

106
Q

medullary respiratory center controls

A

breathing rate

107
Q

cranial nerve nuclei of medulla

A

CN 8 , 9, 10, 11, 12

108
Q

what is the role of nucleus cuneatus and nucleus gracilis

A

receives somatic sensory information

109
Q

which is the second largest area after cerebrum

A

cerebellum

110
Q

cerebellar cortex

A

outer surface of the cerebellum with folia ( folds)

111
Q

the cerebellum contains left and right

A

cerebellar hemispheres

112
Q

what is the narrow band of cortex between left and right lobes

A

vermis

113
Q

name the two regions of the cerebellum

A

cerebellar cortex and arbor vitae

114
Q

name the three pairs of thick nerve tracts that connect cerebellum to brainstem

A

cerebellar peduncles

115
Q

which part of the brain coordinates and fine tunes movements

A

cerebellum

116
Q

what are the functions of the cerebellum

A

stores memories, regulates activity, adjusts movements ensuring smoothness, helps maintain equilibrium and posture

117
Q

which system is called the emotional brain

A

limbic system

118
Q

the amygdaloid body in the limbic system is involved in

A

many aspects of emotion and emotional memory, especially fear

119
Q

what processes odors that can provoke emotions

A

olfactory bulbs, olfactory tracts and olfactory cortex

120
Q

loosely organized gray matter of brainstem

A

reticular formation

121
Q

the motor component of reticular formation regulates

A

muscle tone

122
Q

which system is responsible for the response to sound of alarm clock

A

reticular activating system

123
Q

the cranial nerves are part of the

A

PNS, originating from brain

124
Q

Olfactory nerve CN 1

A

sensory nerve for olfaction ( smell)

125
Q

CN 2 optic nerve

A

sensory nerve for vision

126
Q

CN 3 Oculomotor nerve

A

motor nerve that controls muscles of the eye

127
Q

CN 4 trochlear nerve

A

motor nerve that controls superior oblique eye muscle

makes it possible to look down

128
Q

CN 5 Trigeminal nerve

A

mixed nerve that receives somatic sensation from face/ controls muscles involves in chewing

129
Q

CN 6 Abducens Nerve

A

innervates one eye muscle to move the eye

130
Q

CN 7 facial nerve

what is its function

A

controls muscle facial expression and conducts taste sensations from tongue

131
Q

CN 8 Vestibulocochlear nerve

A

hearing and equilibrium

132
Q

CN 9 Glossopharyngeal nerve

A

mixed nerve that receives taste and touch from tongue, motor control of a pharynx muscle

133
Q

CN 10 vagus nerve

A

regulates heart beat

134
Q

CN 11 Accessory Nerve

A

motor nerve controls muscles of neck/pharynx

135
Q

CN 12 Hypoglossal nerve

A

motor nerve that controls tongue muscles

Anatomy Lab (2 decks)

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