Final AP Test Review Flashcards
distillation: the action of …a liquid by a process of … and …
purifying; heating; cooling
law of definite proportions: a given compound always contains the same
proportions of elements by mass
law of multiple proportions: when two elements form a series of compounds,, the ratios of the masses of the second element that combine with one gram of the first element can always be reduced to
small whole numbers
at the same conditions of temperature and pressure, equal volumes of different gases contain the same
number of particles
mass spectrometry is an analytic technique that utilizes the degree of deflection of charged particles by a magnetic field to find the relative masses of
molecular ions and fragments
mass spectrometry can be used to determine: …, the … of an unknown substance, and info on ….
molecular mass; structure; isotopic abundance
when wavelength increases, … and … decrease
frequency; energy
wavelength is the … between two
distance; adjacent peaks of waves
frequency is the … that pass a …
number of waves; given point per second
excited electrons in an atom return to
lower energy states
energy is emitted in the form of a
photon of definite wavelength
orbitals are areas of ….
probability for locating electrons
heisenberg uncertainty principle: “there is a fundamental limitation on how precisely we can know both the … and … of a particle at a given time”
position; momentum
principal quantum number indicates the … from the nucleus
distance
angular momentum quantum number (l): varies from … to …. and indicates the … of the orbitals
0 to n-1; shape
magnetic quantum number (ml): varies from … to …, and indicates the … of the orbital in space
l to -l; orientation
spin quantum number: an orbital can hold only … electrons, and they must have …
two electrons; opposite spins
pauli exclusion principle: in a given atom no two electrons can have the
same set of four quantum numbers
aufbau principle: electrons fill the lowest available
energy levels before filling higher levels
hund’s rule: every orbital in a subshell is singly occupied with one electron before
any one orbital is doubly occupied
electron affinity: the energy change associated with the
addition of an electron
lattice energy: the energy required to … a mole of an ionic solid into
separate; gaseous ions
VSEPR model: the structure around a given atom is determined principally by minimizing ….
non-bonding and bonding electron pairs will be as ….
electron-pair repulsions; far apart as possible
hybridization: the mixing of two or more atomic orbitals of similar energies on the same atom to produce
new orbitals of equal energies
