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AP Chemistry > Chapter 15: Solutions of Acids and Bases > Flashcards

Chapter 15: Solutions of Acids and Bases Flashcards

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1
Q

Arrhenius acid: a substance that … when dissolved in water

A

increases H3O+ concentration

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2
Q

Arrhenius base: a substance that … when dissolved in water

A

increases OH-

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3
Q

Arrhenius acid-base reaction:

A

acid + base → salt + water

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4
Q

Bronsted-Lowry acid: a

A

proton donor

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5
Q

Bronsted-Lowry base: a

A

proton acceptor

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6
Q

Bronsted-Lowry acid-base reaction:

A

acid1 + base2 → acid2 + base1

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7
Q

lewis acid: an

A

electron pair acceptor

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8
Q

lewis base: an

A

electron-pair donor

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9
Q

lewis acid-base reaction:

A

acid + base→adduct

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10
Q

the arrhenius definition applies only to … solutions and does not describe the behaviors of substances in other … or in …

A

aqueous solutions; solvents; gas-phase reactions

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11
Q

conjugate acid-base pair: related by the … and … of a …

A

loss; gain; proton

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12
Q

amphoteric: a substance that can act either as an

A

acid or as a base

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13
Q

acids and bases react quickly with each other and reach equilibrium at speeds that are often limited by

A

how fast the solution is stirred

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14
Q

arrhenius acids and bases react to form

A

water and salts

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15
Q

for bronsted-lowry: an acid transfers a proton to a base to form the … of the original acid and the …. of the original base

A

conjugate base; conjugate acid

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16
Q

water can react with itself: one water molecule acts as an … while the other acts as a …, resulting in the following reaction: … this is called the … of water

A

acid; base; H2O + H2O H3O+ + OH-

autoionization

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17
Q

at 25 degrees C, Kw is

A

1.0 x 10^-14

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18
Q

hydrogen ion concentration in pure water at 25 degrees C is

A

1.0 x 10^-7 M

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19
Q

pH of pure water is

A

7.00

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20
Q

the sum of the pH and pOH must always be

A

14.00 at 25 degrees C

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21
Q

compounds that ionize or dissociate completely are called

A

strong electrolytes

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22
Q

compounds that dissociate only partially are called

A

weak electrolytes

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23
Q

strong acids … in solution

A

ionize completely

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24
Q

strong acids include:

A

HCl, HBr, HI, HNO3, HClO4, H2SO4

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25
Q

the terms strong and weak refer to the degree of …, not the … or … of the acid

A

ionization; reactivity; corrosiveness

26
Q

strong bases are the soluble compounds that quantitatively produce … when dissolved in water

A

hydroxide ion

27
Q

strong bases are ..

A

metal hydroxides

28
Q

(strong bases) group I hydroxides are …, group II hydroxides are …

A

very soluble; less soluble

29
Q

a weak acid or a weak base is one that does not … when dissolved in water

A

ionize completely

30
Q

weak acids have conjugate bases that are

A

relatively strong

31
Q

weak bases have conjugate acids that are

A

relatively strong

32
Q

if Ka is very large–much, much greater than 1–the acid is …

A

strong

33
Q

whenever an acid reacts with a base, the products are the … of the base and the … of the acid

A

conjugate acid; conjugate base

34
Q

the relative strength of an acid results from a competition for … between the solvent and the conjugate base

A

protons

35
Q

the hydrogen ion is the strongest acid that can exist in

A

water

36
Q

leveling effect: the solvent makes the strong acids appear …, or …, in ..

A

equal; level; acidity

37
Q

analytical concentration: concentration of all the forms of acid, both the …, and the ..

A

protonated; conjugate base

38
Q

Ka for weak acids: HA + H2O H3O+ + A-

A

Ka= [H3O+][A-]/[HA]

39
Q

electrical conductivity is … to the concentrations of the ions

A

directly proportional

40
Q

Kb for weak bases: B + H2O BH+ + OH-

A

Kb= [BH+][OH-]/[B]

41
Q

weak bases actually react with water, removing a proton and leaving OH- in solution. a term used to describe this reaction is

A

hydrolysis

42
Q

cation is from a strong base, anion from a strong base salt will be

A

neutral

43
Q

cation is from strong base, anion from weak acid, salt is

A

basic

44
Q

cation is conjugate acid of a weak base, anion is from strong acid

A

acidic

45
Q

if cation is from weak base, and anion is from weak acid, pH is dependent on:
= if Ka for the acidic ion is greater than Kb for the basic ion, the solution is …
= if Kb for the basic ion is greater than Ka for the acidic ion, the solution is …
= if Kb for the basic ion is equal to Ka for the acidic ion, the solution is …

A

acidic; basic; neutral

46
Q

cation is a highly charged metal ion, anion is from strong acid, salt is

A

acidic

47
Q

in a solution of weak acids, only the strongest one is important to

A

determining the pH of the solution

48
Q

the contribution by the weaker acid toward the pH of a solution is generally … in comparison with that of a stronger acid

A

negligible

49
Q

ionization of an acid is influenced by: the strength of the … that holds the …, the bond …, changes in the strengths of other bonds that accompany the …, …of the ions produced in the reaction

A

bond; proton; polarity; loss of a proton; solvation

50
Q

binary hydrides are compounds composed of

A

two elements, one of which is hydrogen

51
Q

for binary hydrides, acidity is related to the strength of the … and the stability of the … in solution

A

H-A bond; A- ion

52
Q

orders of bond strength in the series of hydrogen halides is

A

HF > HCl > HBr > HI

53
Q

the stronger the H-A bond the …

A

weaker the acid

54
Q

as you move down a column, the strength of the acid … as bond strength …

A

increases; decreases

55
Q

the more electronegative the atom, the more easily it can accommodate additional

A

electron density on the atom

56
Q

a more electronegative atom results in a

A

stronger acid

57
Q

within any row of the periodic table, the acidities of the binary nonmetal hydrides follow the trend expected on the basis of … and … from left to right

A

electronegativity; increase

58
Q

oxyacids contain …, …, and a ..

A

hydrogen; oxygen; third element

59
Q

in oxyacids, the hydrogen atoms that ionize in oxyacids are always bonded to an

A

oxygen atom

60
Q

the strengths of oxyacids (HOX) increase with increasing

A

electronegativity of X

61
Q

strength of oxyacid also increases if the number of oxygen atoms … in a series due to increases in the …

A

increases; stability of the anion produced

62
Q

a lewis acid must have an empty … available to accept the pair of electrons donated by the base

A

orbital

AP Chemistry (24 decks)

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