Final Flashcards
Two ways of classifying SCI injuries
Complete vs incomplete and traumatic vs non-traumatic
What group us most likely to experience an SCI?
Young men between the ages of 16-30 (40% occur at this age and 80% occur in men)
The three most common causes of SCI? (US)
Car accidents, falls, and gunshot wounds.
What area is innervated by the cervical region?
Upper limb and hands
What area is innervated by the thoracic region?
Abdominals, chest, and back
What area is innervated by the lumbar region?
Legs and feet
What area is innervated by the sacral region?
bladder/bowel control and sexual function
Tetraplegia
Type of SCI with cervical lesion where all four limbs are affected. Potential respiratory dysfucntion.
Paraplegia
Type of SCI with thoracic or lumbar lesion where the arms are unaffected.
Hemiplegia
A type of SCI where one side of the body is affected
Fitness guidelines for people with SCI
20 minutes of MVPA twice per week, and 3 sets of strength exercise for functional muscle groups twice per week. Separate cardiometabolic guidelines exist.
What is Cerebral Palsy (CP)?
A chronic neurological disorder of movement and posture caused by a lesion in the developing brain (pregnancy to 3 years) that is not progressive.
CP incidence rate?
1.5-4 / 1000 births or children under 3.
3 main brain areas relevant to CP
Basal ganglia, motor cortex, and the cerebellum
CP spasticity
The most common difference. Caused by damage to the motor cortex. Involves hypertonic muscles and co-contractions.
CP Athetosis
Caused by damage to the basal ganglia. Uncoordinated and involuntary movements. Variable muscle tone (hyper and hypo).
Ataxia
Caused by damage to the cereballar-veastibular region. Poor balance and coordination, hypotonia/poor postural tone.
What is the clinical way of classifying CP?
Pair type of movements with limbs involved (monoplegia, diplegia, quadriplegia, hemiplegia, triplegia).
Gross motor function classification system for CP
Classifies individuals based on functional ability outside the clinic.
Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI)
Brain damage caused by impact. May be either open or closed.
Over ________ canadians sustain a TBI every year
160,000
Motor vehicle accidents account for over __% of TBI
50
Signs and symptoms of concussion
Confusion, dizziness, fatigue and trouble sleeping, nausea and vomiting, loss of memory, difficulty focusing, behaviour changes, and more.
Define stroke
Sudden loss of brain function due to lack of oxygen getting to the brain.
Stroke is the ___ cause of neurological impairment in Canada.
Leading.
Ischemic strokes
Account for 80% of strokes. A blockage in a blood vessel prevents adequate oxygenation. May be thrombotic, where the clot forms in a brain vessel, or embolic, where the clot forms somewhere else then travels to the brain.
Hemorrhagic strokes
Caused by bleeding within the brain. Both interrupts regular blood flow and can “flood” and kill brain cells.
Transient ischemic attack (TIA)
A brief ischemic stroke that causes symptoms temporarily, but vanishes before it can be imaged. Increased risk of full stroke.
How will the impacts of stroke differ by brain region?
Frontal vs temporal, occipital, parietal, cerebellum, brain stem.
Global prevalence of MS
1/3000
Define MS
A neurological disease where the immune system attacks myelin sheaths and oligodendrocytes causing multiple lesions in the brain.
Prevalence of autism in children
1/68. 5 times as common in boys than girls.
Medical perspective of autism
Autism is a congenital spectrum neurological disorder that appears in the first 3 years of life, and causes problems with social interaction and communication.
DSM-5 5 diagnostic criteria for autism
- Persistent difficulties with social interaction and communication across multiple settings.
- Restricted and repetitive behaviours and interests
- Symptoms are present in the early developmental period
- Symptoms are significant enough to impair daily activities and functions
- Not better explained by intellectual impairement or developmental delays.
What fraction of people with autism live independently?
1/3
Autism and neurodiversity
Neurodiversity perspective sees autism as a meaningful part of identity, not a disability.
Two components for autism occuring
Genetics and environmental toxins
4 types of visual supports for autism
Sequence supports, procedural supports, rule supports, and temporal supports
Definition of intellectual impairement
Impairment of general mental abilities with an impact on daily function with symptoms that begin in the early developmental period.
3 components of the functional skills assessment of intellectual impairement.
Conceptual, social skills, and practical skills.
Down syndrome
Genetic condition where an extra piece of genetic material is attached to chromosome pair 21. A developmental disability with associated physical and intellectual impairement.
Types of down syndrome chromosomal abnormalities
Trisomy 21 (95%) - additional chromosome at 21 on most/all cells.
Translocation (3-5%) - additional material from 21 fuses with other chromosomes.
Mosaicism (<2%) - Some cells affected and others not.
Atlantoaxial instability with Down Syndrome
Joint laxity between the atlas and axis vertebrae. Can lead to SCI injuries
Legal blindness
Visual acuity of 20/200 or FOV<20 degrees
4 major causes of visual impairement
Age related macular degeneration, Glaucoma, diabetes retinopathy, and cataracts.
Age related macular degeneration
Leading cause of vision loss in Canada. Degeneration/thinning of the macula with age causing blurring in the central vision
Glaucoma
Fluid build up causes optic nerve damage that reduces peripheral vision and moves inwards.
Diabetic retinopathy
Leaky blood vessels do not adequately oxygenate the retina, so new blood vessels from that block the vision (both peripheral and central).
Cataracts
Clouding of the vision affecting central vision and leading to glare.
Strabismus
Inability to focus both eyes
