Final Flashcards
The The cardiovascular system consists of two circuits: the ____________________ —from the right ventricle to the lungs and then to the left atrium, and the _________________________ —from the left ventricle to all peripheral organs and tissues and then to the right atrium.
pulmonary circulation, systemic circulation
Which of the following is NOT a determinant of resistance in the systemic blood flow
Flow (F)
The hematocrit is defined as the percentage of blood volume that is ___________.
Erythrocytes
The pressure exerted by any fluid is termed as ____________.
hydrostatic pressure
Which of the following is the function of the platelets?
hemostasis and tissue healing
Generally speaking, the lifespan of an erythrocyte is _____________.
120 days
Unlike the arteries in ____________ circulation, the pulmonary artery carries ________________.
systemic circulation, deoxygenated blood
_________________ is the most abundant cell in the blood.
Erythrocyte
__________________ is a direct breakdown product of hemoglobin.
Bilirubin
Portal circulation is a bi-capillary system means it starts and ends with capillaries.
True
If Patm = 0 mmHg and Palv = –2 mmHg, then
air is fl owing into the lung
Transpulmonary pressure (Ptp) increases by 2 mmHg during a normal inspiration. In subject A, 500 ml of air is inspired. In subject B, 250 ml of air is inspired for the same change in Ptp. Which is true?
The compliance of the lung of subject B is less than that of subject A.
Which of the following will increase alveolar PO2?
Increased alveolar ventilation with no change in metabolism.
Which of the following is not true about asthma?
it is always caused by an allergy.
Which of the following is true?
Peripheral and central chemoreceptors both increase firing when arterial PCO2 increases.
Ventilation-perfusion inequalities lead to hypoxemia because
increases in ventilation cannot fully restore O2 content in areas with low ventilation-perfusion matching.
After the expiration of a normal tidal volume, a subject breathes in as much air as possible. The volume of air inspired is the
inspiratory capacity.
In carbon monoxide poisoning, a fetus is more likely to be affected than the mother.
True
In cystic fibrosis, the function of a chloride channel called as CF transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) is impaired.
True
Type I alveolar cells produce a detergent like substance called as surfactant.
False
The portion of the kidney that extends between the renal pyramids is called the
renal columns
Which is the correct order of blood flow through the kidneys?
interlobar arteries > arcuate arteries > glomerular capillaries > arcuate veins
The blood vessels around a cortical nephron are called vasa recta.
False
A juxtamedullary nephron goes deeper in the renal medulla as compared to a cortical nephron.
True
This is the structure of the nephron that filters blood.
glomerulus
Candida albicans and E. coli are which type of abnormal constituent of urine
microbes
What is the normal volume of urine produced in humans?
1-2 L / day
The parasympathetic division of the ANS regulates the flow of blood through the kidney.
False
The kidneys release ___________ hormone to maintain calcium levels.
calcitrol
Another name for the glomerular capsule is _____ capsule.
Bowman’s
Which is a correct statement regarding the hierarchical organization of motor control?
the basal nuclei participate in the creation of a motor program that specifies the pattern of neural activity required for a voluntary movement
in the stretch reflex:
action potentials from muscle spindle receptors in a muscle form monosynaptic excitatory synapses on motor neurons to extramural fibers within the same muscles
if implanted electrodes were used to stimulate action potentials in gamma motor neurons to flexors of the left arm, which would be the most likely result?
an increase in action potentials along alpha motor neurons to flexors in the left arm
where is the primary motor cortex found?
between the somatosensory cortex and the premotor area of the cerebrum
pyramidal decussation is found in the
medulla oblongata
neurons in the primary motor cortex of the right cerebral hemisphere mainly control muscles on the left side of the body
true
the disease tetanus results when a bacterial toxin blocks release of inhibitory neurotransmitter
true
patients with upper motor neuron disorders generally have reduced muscle tone and flaccid paralysis
false
neurons descending in the corticospinal pathway control mainly trunk musculature and postural reflexes, whereas neurons of the brainstem pathways control fine motor movements of the distal extremities
false
in patients with Parkinson’s disease, an excess of dopamine from neurons of the substation migraine causes intention tremors when the person performs voluntary movements
false
the mechanical response of a muscle fiber to a single action potential is know as a twitch
true
when a muscle develops tension but does not shorten or lengthen, the contraction is said to be isotonic
false
in a skeletal muscle fiber, in order to initiate muscle contraction intracellular calcium is released from the ______
sarcoplasmic reticulum
the regulatory portion of the thin filament is composed of _____ protein
troponin
binding of _____to myosin permits cross-bridge____between actin and myosin in skeletal muscle cells
ATP; detachment
which is a false statement about skeletal muscle structure
a myofibril is composed of multiple muscle fibers
which is correct regarding skeletal muscle sarcomere
the width of the A band is equal to the length of a thick filament
since curare blocks acetylcholine receptors and cannot be deactivated by acetylcholinesterase, curare can be sued for hunting animals
true
during excitation-contraction coupling in a skeletal muscle fiber
DHP receptors trigger the opening of lateral sac ryanodine receptor calcium channels
smooth muscles are multi-nucleated while skeletal muscles have a single nucleus
false
choose the true statement
the modality of energy a given sensory receptor responds to in normal functioning is known as the “adequate stimulus” for that receptor
using a single intracellular recording electrode, in what part of a sensory neuron could you simultaneously record both receptor potentials and action potentials
at the node of Ranvier nearest the peripheral end
which best describes “lateral inhibition” in sensory processing?
inhibitory interneurons decrease action potentials from receptors at the periphery of a stimulated region
what region of the brain contains the primary visual cortex?
the occipital lobe
which type of receptor does NOT encode a somatic sensation?
cochlear hair cell
which best describes the vision of a person with uncorrected nearsightedness?
the eyeball is too long; near objects focus on the retina when the Hillary muscle is relaxed
if a patient suffers a stroke that destroys the optic tract on the right rise of the brain, which of the following visual defects will result?
the patient will not perceive images of objects striking the right half of the retina in the right eye
which correctly describes a step in auditory signal transduction?
displacement of the basilar membrane with respect to the tectorial membrane stimulates stereocillia on the hair cells
a standing subject looking over her left shoulder suddenly rotates her head to look over her right shoulder. How does the vestibular system detect this motion
fluid within the semicircular canals remains stationary, bending the cupola and steriocilia as the head rotes
corticospinal tract contains 3 neurons and their cell bodies are located in dorsal nerve ganglion, spinal cord, &thalamus
false
clock drawing test helps in the assessment of attentional abilities
false
the neuronal death, as a result of vascular disease, is termed as________
stroke
the grooves on the cerebral cortex are called as_______
sulci
spina bifida is considered an anomaly of the development of_______
neural tube
which of the following is NOT considered as a true lobe of cerebrum?
limbic system
one of the major functions of the cerebellum is_____
posture & balance
the nuclei in ______play a crucial role in maintaining homeostasis
hypothalamus
a research participant is taking unusually long on task switching test. it is possible that their _________lobe is dysfunctional
frontal
the role of meninges is to_______
protect the brain from trauma
which of the following structures is not a part of the central nervous system
cranial nerves
an action potential in a neuronal membrane differs from a graded potential in that
an action potential is propagated without decrement, whereas a graded potential decrements with distance
which is most directly responsible for the falling )depolarizing) phase of the action potential
the permeability to K+ increases greatly while that to Na+ decreases
which incorrectly pairs a glial cell type with an associated function
oligodendrocytes; formation of myelin sheaths on axons in the peripheral nervous system
which ion channel state correctly describes the phase of the action potential it is associated with?
open voltage-gated potassium channels cause after hyper polarization
which is a true statement about the rising membrane potential in a typical neuron?
ion movement by the Na+/K+-ATPase pump is equal and opposite to the leak of ions through sodium and potassium channels
during the relative refractory period, a neuron can be stimulated by a stimulus stronger than the first one
true
neuronal axons typically have abundant
voltage-gated channels for Na+ that open in response to depolarization
temporal summation causes changes in post-synaptic neuron
the frequency of action potentials
P=permeability. During the rising (depolarization) phase of neuronal action potential,
PNa+ becomes much greater than PK+
the pathology underlying multiple sclerosis is ________of neurons
demyelination
amplification during a second-messenger cascade is beneficial because application
allows small amounts of hormones to produce large responses in target cells
which properties are characteristic of ion channels
they can open and close depending on the presence of any of 3 types of “gates”
which of the following does not directly or indirectly require an energy source
facilitated transport of glucose across a plasma membrane
the difference between the fluxes of a solute moving in 2 opposite directions is the ______
net flux
in_____ membrane- bound vesicles in the cytosol of a cell fuse with the plasma membrane and release their contents to the extracellular fluid
exocytosis
the channels through which water moves across plasma membranes are called_____
aquaporins
______is the process by which glucose moves across a plasma membrane
facilitated diffusion
which is true of epithelial cells
they may have segregated functions on luminal and basolateral surfaces
in considering diffusion of ions through an ion channel, which driving force must be considered
the ion concentration gradient
a solution that does not cause a change in cell volume is termed as______
isotonic
in DNA, thymine binds with define and cytosine binds with
guanine
which is a major function of the plasma membrane
regulating the passage. of molecules into and out of the cell
Which organelles would you expect to be especially numerous in cells such as muscle cells that have a tremendous demand for energy in the form of ATP?
mitochondria
RNA synthesis from a DNA template is called:
transcription
Neurons have extremely long cytoplasmic extensions. Their chemical signals are produced in one portion of the cell, but released from a distant location. How are the chemicals transported?
on microtubules
The cellular respiration in humans is conducted in three stages. Which of the following stages occurs in the cytosol?
glycolysis
In the presence of a limited oxygen supply, pyruvate is converted to ________.
lactate
If the ATP-generating mechanisms in a cell are poisoned and the cell depletes its ATP reserves, which would occur first?
primary active transport of molecules would cease
The ability of a protein binding site to bind one type of ligand or substrate and not another is known as:
specificity
During cellular respiration, which of the following steps involves the pumping of hydrogen ions into the intermembrane space of the mitochondria?
oxidative phosphorylation
Which of the following components of an electrocardiogram (EKG) represents ventricular repolarization?
T wave
Which of the following components of an electrocardiogram (EKG) represents atrial repolarization?
QRS complex
In a normal functioning heart, after leaving the right ventricle blood flows directly _____________.
past the semilunar valve into the pulmonary artery.
In a normal functioning heart, after leaving the left ventricle blood flows directly_____________.
past the aortic valve into the aorta.
Which valve below prevents blood from flowing back into the right ventricle?
Pulmonary semilunar valve
Venous blood from the systemic circulation enters the _________ of heart.
the right atrium
Venous blood from the pulmonary circulation enters the _________ of heart.
the left atrium
When a person engages in strenuous, prolonged exercise
blood flow to the kidneys is reduced.
At birth, ductus arteriosus closes so that there is no shunt between aorta and pulmonary trunk
true
Cardiac Output is the amount of blood pumped by the heart in one beat.
false
