Final

Question 1

What is sleep paralysis?

Answer 1

Strange experience of being unable to move just before falling asleep or immediately upon waking up

Question 2

What is consciousness?

Answer 2

Your subjective experience of the world and ourselves

Question 3

What is the circadian rhythm?

Answer 3

The cyclical changes that occur roughly on a 24-hour basis in many biological processes such as hormone release, brain waves, body temperature, and drowsiness

Question 4

What is our biological clock?

Answer 4

Also called our circadian rhythm

Question 5

What is rapid eye movement?

Answer 5

Also called REM, is the darting of the eyes underneath closed eyelids during sleep

Question 6

What is non-REM sleep?

Answer 6

Also called NREM, is stages 1 through 4 of the sleep cycle, during REM does not occur and dreaming is less frequent and vivid

Question 7

What is Stage 1 sleep?

Answer 7

Light stage of sleep, last 5-10 minutes. Brain activity powers down by 50% or more, producing theta waves. Also may experience sudden jerks (myoclonic jerks) of our limbs, often confused

Question 8

What is stage 2 sleep?

Answer 8

Brain waves slow down even more, sudden intense bursts of electrical activity called sleep spindles, and occasional sharply rising and falling waves known as K-complexes first appear. Heart rate slows, body temperature decreases, muscles relax even more, eye movement cease, spend 65% of our sleep here

Question 9

What is stage 3 and 4 sleep?

Answer 9

Much slower sleep waves called delta waves, appears 20-50% in stage 3, and over 50% in stage 4. Delta sleep is needed to feel well rested for the next day

Question 10

What is stage 5 sleep?

Answer 10

High frequency, low amplitude waves resembling those of wakefulness, dreams happen here, after 10-20 minutes the cycle starts again

Question 11

What is lucid dreaming?

Answer 11

Experience of becoming aware that one is dreaming

Question 12

What is insomnia?

Answer 12

Difficulty falling or staying asleep, in the forms:

- Having trouble falling asleep (taking more than 30 minutes)
- Waking too early in the morning 
- Waking during the night and having troubles returning to sleep

Question 13

What is narcolepsy?

Answer 13

Dramatic disorder in which people experience episodes of sudden sleep lasting anywhere from a few seconds to an hour

Question 14

What is orexin?

Answer 14

Hormone that plays a key role in triggering sudden attacks of sleepiness

Question 15

What is sleep apnea?

Answer 15

Sleep disorder that is caused by a blockage of the airway during sleep

Question 16

What are night terrors?

Answer 16

Typically harmless events that occur almost exclusively in children

Question 17

What is sleepwalking?

Answer 17

Walking while fully asleep, often involves relatively little activity

Question 18

What neurotransmitter activates REM sleep?

Answer 18

Acetylcholine

Question 19

What did Freund say about dreams?

Answer 19

They reflect a repressed unconscious wish, the manifest content is the details of the dream, and the latent content is the hidden meaning

Question 20

What is activation-synthesis theory?

Answer 20

Proposes that dreams reflect brain activation in sleep, brain stem plays an exclusive role in producing dreams. Protoconscious which is our primitive or primary state of perceptions become dominant, our ability to reason shrinks

Question 21

What is neurocognitive theory?

Answer 21

Theory that dreams are a meaningful product of out cognitive capacities, which shape what we dream about. Forebrain plays a role in dreaming, damage to the forebrain can eliminate dreams entirely

Question 22

What is dream continuity hypothesis?

Answer 22

Holds that dreams mirror our life circumstances

Question 23

What is a hallucination?

Answer 23

Realistic perceptual experiences in the absence of any external stimuli

Question 24

What is an out-of-body experience?

Answer 24

Also called OBE, is a sense of our consciousness leaving our body

Question 25

What is a near-death-experience?

Answer 25

Also called NDE, are out-of-body experiences reported by people who’ve nearly died or thought they were going to die

Question 26

What is a mystical experience?

Answer 26

Feelings of unity or oneness with the world, often with strong spiritual overtones, may have contributed to the formation of many world religions.

Question 27

What is hypnosis?

Answer 27

Set of techniques that provide people with suggestions for alterations in their perceptions and sensations, thoughts, feelings, memories, and behaviours

Question 28

What is the induction method?

Answer 28

Method of hypnosis most commonly used, typically includes suggestions for relaxation, calmness, and well-being, along with instructions to think about pleasant experiences

Question 29

What is past life regression therapy?

Answer 29

Therapeutic approach that hypnotizes and supposedly age-regresses patients to a previous life to identify the source of a present-day problem

Question 30

What sociocognitive theory?

Answer 30

Approach to explaining hypnosis based upon people’s attitudes, beliefs, and expectations

Question 31

What is dissociation theory?

Answer 31

Influential alternative to sociocognitive theory, division of consciousness in which attention, effort, and planning are carried out without awareness. Hypothesized that hypnotic suggestion results in a separation between personality functions that are normally well integrated

Question 32

What are psychoactive drugs?

Answer 32

Substances that contain chemicals similar to those found naturally in our brains that alter consciousness by changing chemical processes in neurons

Question 33

What are depressants?

Answer 33

Decreased activity of the central nervous system (initial high followed by sleepiness, slower thinking, and impaired concentration). Alcohol, barbiturates, quaaludes, valium

Question 34

What are stimulants?

Answer 34

Increased activity of the central nervous system (sense of alertness, well-being, energy). Tobacco, cocaine, amphetamines, methamphetamines, caffeine

Question 35

What are opiates?

Answer 35

Commonly called narcotics, gives a sense of euphoria, decreased pain. Heroin, morphine, codeine

Question 36

What are psychedelics?

Answer 36

Also called hallucinogenics, dramatically alter perception, mood, thoughts. Marijuana, LSD, ecstasy

Question 37

What is mental set?

Answer 37

Beliefs and expectations about the effects of drugs

Question 38

What is a substance abuse disorder?

Answer 38

When an individual experiences recurrent significant impairment or distress associated with one or more drug

Question 39

What characterizes a substance abuse disorder?

Answer 39

Recurrent problems with substances in the home, work, school, work, school, or with the law, substance dependence, which includes symptoms of tolerance and withdrawal

Question 40

What is tolerance?

Answer 40

When people need to consume an increased amount of a drug to achieve intoxication, tolerance is a key feature of a substance abuse disorder

Question 41

What is withdrawal?

Answer 41

When people use drugs for an extended period of time and either stop or cut down, they experience withdrawal. Symptoms of withdrawal differ depending on the substance used

Question 42

What is physical dependence?

Answer 42

When an individual continues to use a drug in order to avoid withdrawal symptoms

Question 43

What is psychological dependence?

Answer 43

When an individual’s continued use of a drug is motivated by intense cravings, even if the drug is causing problems in a relationship or work

Question 44

What is adjustive valve?

Answer 44

A drug can enhance positive emotional reactions and minimize negative emotional reactions