Final

Question 1

years to translate research into practice

Answer 1

17

Question 2

challenge with our pluralistic society

Answer 2

founders envisioned robust competition between factions

Question 3

groups involved in policy-making

Answer 3

researchers
policy makers
policy enforcers

3 separate kingdoms - no hierarchy like in EB-research

Question 4

legislators in policy-making

Answer 4

80% part time
little scientific training
institutional turnover
evidence has low direct salience

agency administrators more independent and skilled at dealing with research evidence

Question 5

salience of evidence in legislators policy-making process

Answer 5

“officials universally characterized research-based evidence as neither a necessary nor a sufficient part of the policymaking process”

Question 6

define punctuated equilibrium

Answer 6

institutional and cultural stickiness yields consistency with periodic paradigm change

Question 7

define policy monopolies

Answer 7

differing interests and access to power allow small groups with disproportionate power to dominate policy-making

leads to punctuated equilibrium

Question 8

what influences agenda setting?

Answer 8

focusing events: Junior Seau, Columbine

shocks: emergencies are opportunities

Question 9

example of punctuated equilibirum

Answer 9

regulation of marijuana

no change in criminalization and prohibition for decades and then a sudden and accelerating change, a paradigm shift

Question 10

example of policy monopolies

Answer 10

access to opioids

drug control is a concentrated interest. everyone has a diffuse interest in access until a painful episode; people in pain are hard to organize.

Question 11

example of framing

Answer 11

ACA: uninsured vs underinsured

smoking: more heavily regulated when issue of SHS and occupational safety; that defined the liberty out of the problem

Question 12

problems in problem definition

Answer 12

problems define solutions both practically and politically

problem definition is essential, but also hard

Question 13

societal impulses when new problems emerge

Answer 13

tendency to rely on same tools can cloud more capacious understanding of problems

availability bias

Question 14

Kingdon’s 3 Streams theory of policy-making

Answer 14

policy emerges when and depending on how 3 streams come together:

problem definition (first)
policy options
“politics”

Question 15

components of a good problem definition

Answer 15

accurate
actionable
socially salient

Question 16

patterns and determinants of policy change

Answer 16

the “issue attention cycle”

1. pre-problem
2. alarmed discovery & euphoric enthusiasm
3. realizing costs of significant progress
4. gradual decline of public interest
5. post-problem

Question 17

two models to turn knowledge into action

Answer 17

linear model

enlightenment model

Question 18

Linear Model of turning knowledge into action

Answer 18

evidence goes directly to policymakers who make consistent policy

not a realistic account usually

Question 19

Enlightenment Model of turning knowledge into action

Answer 19

evidence filters into the way problems are discussed, changing meaning and vocabularies in ways that eventually bubble up in different politics and policies

Question 20

hindrances to using EBP in policy

Answer 20

limited capacity to access and process research
glut of information
turnover and hierarchy
relative advantage of “the anecdote”
focusing events are necessary but problematic

Question 21

facilitators to using EBP in policy

Answer 21

studies that concretize effects
cost-benefit analysis
evidence-assessment training
ideas (rather than data)
researcher-policymaker interaction

Question 22

old view of EBP in policy

Answer 22

pipeline view of researchers “disseminating” or pushing knowledge

Question 23

new view of EBP in policy

Answer 23

“exchange view” based on ideas of transfer and reciprocity

ex:
CBPR
NIH translation science awards
changes to academic incentives
learning institutes