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Visceral Disorders > Final > Flashcards

Final Flashcards

1
Q

FBG levels

A

70-99 normal
100-125 pre
126+ diabetes

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2
Q

GTT levels during time

A

30 min: X<200
1 hour: X<200
2 hour: <140
3 hour: 70-99

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3
Q

Levels for OGTT at two hours

A

Normal <140
Pre: 140-199
Diabetes 200+

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4
Q

A1C levels

A

< 5.7 normal

  1. 7-6.4: pre
  2. 5+ diabetes
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5
Q

Charcot joint MC due to what

A

DM

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6
Q

DKA/diabetic coma

A

Shortage of insulin
Hyperglycemia
Deep heavy breathing

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7
Q

Hypoglycemia considered under what

A

70mg/dl

MC in diabetic patient

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8
Q

What are the two types of hypoglycemia not related to diabetes and their numbers

A

Postprandial (reactive) within 4 hours of eating below 70mg/dl

Fasting hypoglycemia (post absorptive) usually related to underlying disease and when under 50mg/dl
-excess insulin or carb deprivation
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9
Q

What is whipples triad

A

S/s of hypoglycemia
Low plasma glucose level
Relief of s/s with increased glucose levels

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10
Q

RBC casts/WBC casts

A

Red: glomerulonephritis

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11
Q

Etiologies of vascular calcification

A

HPT or DM

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12
Q

What gives feces the brown color

A

Stercobilinin

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13
Q

Clay (gray white), tan feces

A

Biliary obstruction

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14
Q

Red feces

A

Lower GI blood

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15
Q

Black and tarry feces

A

Upper GI bleeding ex: ulcers

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16
Q

Green feces

A

Green leafy veggies and antibiotics and crohns

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17
Q

White feces

A

Pancreatitis or pancreatic cancer

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18
Q

Pasty feces noted with

A

Increased fats from gallbladder disease

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19
Q

Greasy/buttery feces is noted with

A

Cystic fibrosis

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20
Q

Pus and feces

A

Found in ulcerative colitis and chronic dysentery abscesses and fistulas

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21
Q

Fasts and feces found in

A

Malabsorption syndromes, pancreases, liver, biliary disease

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22
Q

What is the universal blood donor

A

O-

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23
Q

What is universal receiver of blood

A

AB+

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24
Q

Higher the title number of an organism then the more ____

A

Virulent

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25
Q

Syphilis caused by what organism

A

Spirochete treponema

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26
Q

Syphilis stages

A

Primar: 3-4 weeks after infection recognized by chanre (painless)
-darkfield exam

Secondary: systemic; fever, rash, CNS

The latent periods

Tertiary: 3-10 years post infection = soft granulomatous lesions GUMMAS

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27
Q

Testing for syphilus

A

Non treponema tests (screening) (VDRL, RPR) then treponemal tests (confirmatory) ( TPI/MHA-TP, FTA-abs)

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28
Q

6 D’s of Charcot joint

A 
Distention 
Density
Debri
Dislocation
Disorganization
Destruction
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29
Q

Protocol for Lyme disease

A

Sensitive ELIZA and then specific western blot

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30
Q

ASOT

A

Rapid antigen detection for streptococcal pharyngitis that is at glomerulonephritis, rheumatic fever, endocarditis or scarlet fever stage

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31
Q

Aka mono spot test

A

Heterophile Ab screening test

Approximately 2 weeks after onset, IgM react with warm RBC

1:56 or greater= mono

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32
Q

Rubella aka

A

German measles

Devastating to first trimester fetus

CRS (congenital rubella syndrome)

S/s fever, lymphadenopathy and maculopapular rash!!!

ELISA: determine mother immunity. POSITIVE IS GOOD.

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33
Q

AIDS and CD4+ t Cell counts

A

<200 = AIDS.

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34
Q

Viral load HIV

A

Amount of HIV in blood and how rapidly HIV is progressing

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35
Q

CD4 count

A

How well the immune system is functioning

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36
Q

HIV testing

A
    1. Immunoassays detecting HIV1/2 and then differentiating

3. Nuclei acid amplification testing

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37
Q

+ ANA detects what

A

Detects collagen and autoimmune disorders

SLE, scleroderma, mixed connective tissue disease, sjogrens, RA

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38
Q

What does RA affect and lab work associated with it

A

MCP, PIP and wrists

Abnormal IgG antibodies

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39
Q

RF and what antibody being detected

A

IgM

40
Q

Levels required for Rheumatoid diagnosis

A

RF found at tiger greater than 1:80

41
Q

Diagnosis of RA 4+ of the following things

A 
Morning stiffness 6wk+
Pain on joint motion 6wk+
Swelling of one joint 6wk+
Swelling of another joint 6wk+
Bilateral symmetrical joint swelling
Subcutaneous nodules
Xray changes (RAT BITE)
42
Q

What labs should be ordered for RA

A

RF with SED rate

If anemia: CBC

43
Q

AS

A 
C. Inflammatory disorder affecting young males primarily 
C. LBP in males
Pannus destroys joint 
15-35
Limited chest expansion 
Iritis/conjunctivitis 
Enthesopathy (bone formation at tendon insertion) (fluffy looking)
\+HLAB27, + ESR (-RA, ANA)
44
Q

Other reasons for sacroilitis

A

+ HLAB27
AS, enteropathic, psoriatic, reactive arthritis

  • HLAB27
    Infection, gout, DJD, HPT, trauma, pregnancy, DISH, OCI
45
Q

What seronegative arthropathies usually have symmetrical and bilateral AS?

A

Bilateral: AS/enteropathic
Asymmetrical: psoriatic, Reiters

46
Q

Dagger sign

A

AS

47
Q

Shinny corner sign/rhomanus lesion

A

AS

48
Q

What does BUN measure and end product of what

A

Amount of urea nitrogen in the blood and is an end product of protein metabolism

Metabolism function of the liver and excretory function of the kidneys

49
Q

Azotemia

A

Elevated blood levels of BUN

Metabolic function of liver and excretory of kidney

50
Q

Increased BUN

A

Renal disease

High protein diet

51
Q

Decrease BUN

A

Liver disease

Overhydration

52
Q

What may elevate creatinine

A

Renal disorders

Glomerulonephritis, pyelonephritis, tubular necrosis, reduced renal blood flow and obstruction

53
Q

What are the kidney function tests

A

BUN and creatinine

54
Q

What may uric acid be elevated with

A 
Gout
Renal disease
Mets
MM
Alcoholism
Leukemia’s
55
Q

Gout of the big toe aka

A

Podagra

56
Q

Proteins decrease with what

A

Liver and kidney disease

Malabsorption

57
Q

Proteins increase with?

A

MM
Dehydration
C infections
Malignancies

58
Q

Albumin is a measure of

A

Liver function

59
Q

Albumin increase?

A

Dehydration

60
Q

Albumin decrease?

A

Liver disease
Malnutrition
Over hydration
Inflammatory disease

61
Q

Albumin and globulin levels in collagen diseases

A

Albumin decreased and globulin increased

62
Q

Lab specifics of lytic mets

A

Increased Ca++
ALP normal or increased
Normocytic normochromic anemia

63
Q

Lab specifics of blastic mets

A

Ca++ normal or decreased
ALP increased
Normocytic hypochromic anemia

64
Q

ALP increased in

A 
Blastic mets
Pagets
Bone disease
Healing fractures
HPT
65
Q

Decreased ALP

A

Hypothyroidism

Pernucious anemia

66
Q

3 etiologies for chondrocalcinosis

A 
Cartilage degeneration
Crystal deposition (CPPD/gout)
Cation disease (hemochromatosis/Hyperparathyroidism/Wilson’s)
67
Q

PAP

A

Prostate acid phosphatase

Elevated when prostate CA has metastasized beyond prostate

Also elevated in MM and benign prostatic hypertrophy

68
Q

PSA

A

More sensitive and specific than PAP

69
Q

PSA levels

A

4-10ng/mL are suspicious

10+ ng/ml = high probability of CA

70
Q

LDH

A

Lymphoma

71
Q

AFP

A

Liver cancer

72
Q

GGTP

A

Liver and biliary tract

Most sensitive tes for alcohol induced liver disease

73
Q

Elevated GGTP and ALP implies?

A

Hepatobiliary disease a

74
Q

AST

A

Heart disease and (liver)

75
Q

What is included in an electrolyte profile

A

Na (major extracellular)
K (major intracellular)
Cl
Bicarbonate

76
Q

Calcium

A

Neurotransmission and muscle contraction

99% in bone

77
Q

Phosphorus

A

80-85% in bone

78
Q

Calcium levels can evaluate

A

Parathyroid function

79
Q

Increased/decreased Ca

A

Increased:
HPT/HPPT, muscle weakness, MM

Decreased: HoPPT, alcoholics, vitamin D deficiency, tetany

80
Q

MC cause of hypercalcemia

A

Primary hyperparathyroidism

81
Q

S/s of hypercalcemia

A 
Constipation
Nausea
Loss of appetite
Extreme thirst
Tired
Weak
82
Q

Hyperparathyroidism

A 
Produces osteoclastic hormone 
1-adenoma
2-C. Renal disease 
3-
Osteodystophy
83
Q

Primary HPT

A

Increased parathromone
Increased Ca++
Hypophosphatemia

84
Q

Secondary HPT

A

C. Renal disease

Decreased Ca+, hyper phosphatemia

85
Q

Tertiary HPT

A

Dialysis patients

High PTH, and calcium)

86
Q

Xray of HPT

A 
Osteopenia
Subperiosteal reabsorption
Distal tuft reabsportion
Acro-ostolysis
Brown tumors
Loss of cortical definition
Vascular Ca++
SI joint erosions/AC joint
87
Q

Most definitive radiographic sign of HPT

A

Subperiosteal resorption

88
Q

Hyper phosphatemia

A

Renal failure
HoPPT, excess vitamins D, bone mets
MM

89
Q

Hypophosphatemia with?

A

HPT

Decreased intestine absorption increased renal excretion

90
Q

Increased magnesium

A

Dehydration
Renal insufficieny
DM

91
Q

Decreased MG seen with

A 
Malabsorption
Alcohol
Cirrhosis 
Tetany 
Muscle weakness
Cardiac arrhythmia
92
Q

One eyed pedicle

A

Lytic mets
Osteoblastoma
ABC
Congential

93
Q

Amylase

A

Pancreatitis

94
Q

Lipase

A

Acute pancreatitis

95
Q

Creating phosphokinase (CPK)

A

Cardiac muscle

96
Q

High cholesterol and low

A

High associated with hyper lipids is

Low: liver disease/malnutrition

97
Q

What is the most sensitive and specific test for myocardial damage

A

Cardiac troponin

Visceral Disorders (4 decks)

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