Final Flashcards
1
Q
FBG levels
A
70-99 normal
100-125 pre
126+ diabetes
2
Q
GTT levels during time
A
30 min: X<200
1 hour: X<200
2 hour: <140
3 hour: 70-99
3
Q
Levels for OGTT at two hours
A
Normal <140
Pre: 140-199
Diabetes 200+
4
Q
A1C levels
A
< 5.7 normal
- 7-6.4: pre
- 5+ diabetes
5
Q
Charcot joint MC due to what
A
DM
6
Q
DKA/diabetic coma
A
Shortage of insulin
Hyperglycemia
Deep heavy breathing
7
Q
Hypoglycemia considered under what
A
70mg/dl
MC in diabetic patient
8
Q
What are the two types of hypoglycemia not related to diabetes and their numbers
A
Postprandial (reactive) within 4 hours of eating below 70mg/dl
Fasting hypoglycemia (post absorptive) usually related to underlying disease and when under 50mg/dl -excess insulin or carb deprivation
9
Q
What is whipples triad
A
S/s of hypoglycemia
Low plasma glucose level
Relief of s/s with increased glucose levels
10
Q
RBC casts/WBC casts
A
Red: glomerulonephritis
11
Q
Etiologies of vascular calcification
A
HPT or DM
12
Q
What gives feces the brown color
A
Stercobilinin
13
Q
Clay (gray white), tan feces
A
Biliary obstruction
14
Q
Red feces
A
Lower GI blood
15
Q
Black and tarry feces
A
Upper GI bleeding ex: ulcers
16
Q
Green feces
A
Green leafy veggies and antibiotics and crohns
17
Q
White feces
A
Pancreatitis or pancreatic cancer
18
Q
Pasty feces noted with
A
Increased fats from gallbladder disease
19
Q
Greasy/buttery feces is noted with
A
Cystic fibrosis
20
Q
Pus and feces
A
Found in ulcerative colitis and chronic dysentery abscesses and fistulas
21
Q
Fasts and feces found in
A
Malabsorption syndromes, pancreases, liver, biliary disease
22
Q
What is the universal blood donor
A
O-
23
Q
What is universal receiver of blood
A
AB+
24
Q
Higher the title number of an organism then the more ____
A
Virulent
25
Syphilis caused by what organism
Spirochete treponema
26
Syphilis stages
Primar: 3-4 weeks after infection recognized by chanre (painless)
-darkfield exam
Secondary: systemic; fever, rash, CNS
The latent periods
Tertiary: 3-10 years post infection = soft granulomatous lesions GUMMAS
27
Testing for syphilus
Non treponema tests (screening) (VDRL, RPR) then treponemal tests (confirmatory) ( TPI/MHA-TP, FTA-abs)
28
6 D’s of Charcot joint
```
Distention
Density
Debri
Dislocation
Disorganization
Destruction
```
29
Protocol for Lyme disease
Sensitive ELIZA and then specific western blot
30
ASOT
Rapid antigen detection for streptococcal pharyngitis that is at glomerulonephritis, rheumatic fever, endocarditis or scarlet fever stage
31
Aka mono spot test
Heterophile Ab screening test
Approximately 2 weeks after onset, IgM react with warm RBC
1:56 or greater= mono
32
Rubella aka
German measles
Devastating to first trimester fetus
CRS (congenital rubella syndrome)
S/s fever, lymphadenopathy and maculopapular rash!!!
ELISA: determine mother immunity. POSITIVE IS GOOD.
33
AIDS and CD4+ t Cell counts
<200 = AIDS.
34
Viral load HIV
Amount of HIV in blood and how rapidly HIV is progressing
35
CD4 count
How well the immune system is functioning
36
HIV testing
1. 2. Immunoassays detecting HIV1/2 and then differentiating
| 3. Nuclei acid amplification testing
37
+ ANA detects what
Detects collagen and autoimmune disorders
SLE, scleroderma, mixed connective tissue disease, sjogrens, RA
38
What does RA affect and lab work associated with it
MCP, PIP and wrists
Abnormal IgG antibodies
39
RF and what antibody being detected
IgM
40
Levels required for Rheumatoid diagnosis
RF found at tiger greater than 1:80
41
Diagnosis of RA 4+ of the following things
```
Morning stiffness 6wk+
Pain on joint motion 6wk+
Swelling of one joint 6wk+
Swelling of another joint 6wk+
Bilateral symmetrical joint swelling
Subcutaneous nodules
Xray changes (RAT BITE)
```
42
What labs should be ordered for RA
RF with SED rate
| If anemia: CBC
43
AS
```
C. Inflammatory disorder affecting young males primarily
C. LBP in males
Pannus destroys joint
15-35
Limited chest expansion
Iritis/conjunctivitis
Enthesopathy (bone formation at tendon insertion) (fluffy looking)
+HLAB27, + ESR (-RA, ANA)
```
44
Other reasons for sacroilitis
+ HLAB27
AS, enteropathic, psoriatic, reactive arthritis
- HLAB27
Infection, gout, DJD, HPT, trauma, pregnancy, DISH, OCI
45
What seronegative arthropathies usually have symmetrical and bilateral AS?
Bilateral: AS/enteropathic
Asymmetrical: psoriatic, Reiters
46
Dagger sign
AS
47
Shinny corner sign/rhomanus lesion
AS
48
What does BUN measure and end product of what
Amount of urea nitrogen in the blood and is an end product of protein metabolism
Metabolism function of the liver and excretory function of the kidneys
49
Azotemia
Elevated blood levels of BUN
| Metabolic function of liver and excretory of kidney
50
Increased BUN
Renal disease
| High protein diet
51
Decrease BUN
Liver disease
| Overhydration
52
What may elevate creatinine
Renal disorders
| Glomerulonephritis, pyelonephritis, tubular necrosis, reduced renal blood flow and obstruction
53
What are the kidney function tests
BUN and creatinine
54
What may uric acid be elevated with
```
Gout
Renal disease
Mets
MM
Alcoholism
Leukemia’s
```
55
Gout of the big toe aka
Podagra
56
Proteins decrease with what
Liver and kidney disease
| Malabsorption
57
Proteins increase with?
MM
Dehydration
C infections
Malignancies
58
Albumin is a measure of
Liver function
59
Albumin increase?
Dehydration
60
Albumin decrease?
Liver disease
Malnutrition
Over hydration
Inflammatory disease
61
Albumin and globulin levels in collagen diseases
Albumin decreased and globulin increased
62
Lab specifics of lytic mets
Increased Ca++
ALP normal or increased
Normocytic normochromic anemia
63
Lab specifics of blastic mets
Ca++ normal or decreased
ALP increased
Normocytic hypochromic anemia
64
ALP increased in
```
Blastic mets
Pagets
Bone disease
Healing fractures
HPT
```
65
Decreased ALP
Hypothyroidism
| Pernucious anemia
66
3 etiologies for chondrocalcinosis
```
Cartilage degeneration
Crystal deposition (CPPD/gout)
Cation disease (hemochromatosis/Hyperparathyroidism/Wilson’s)
```
67
PAP
Prostate acid phosphatase
Elevated when prostate CA has metastasized beyond prostate
Also elevated in MM and benign prostatic hypertrophy
68
PSA
More sensitive and specific than PAP
69
PSA levels
4-10ng/mL are suspicious
| 10+ ng/ml = high probability of CA
70
LDH
Lymphoma
71
AFP
Liver cancer
72
GGTP
Liver and biliary tract
Most sensitive tes for alcohol induced liver disease
73
Elevated GGTP and ALP implies?
Hepatobiliary disease a
74
AST
Heart disease and (liver)
75
What is included in an electrolyte profile
Na (major extracellular)
K (major intracellular)
Cl
Bicarbonate
76
Calcium
Neurotransmission and muscle contraction
| 99% in bone
77
Phosphorus
80-85% in bone
78
Calcium levels can evaluate
Parathyroid function
79
Increased/decreased Ca
Increased:
HPT/HPPT, muscle weakness, MM
Decreased: HoPPT, alcoholics, vitamin D deficiency, tetany
80
MC cause of hypercalcemia
Primary hyperparathyroidism
81
S/s of hypercalcemia
```
Constipation
Nausea
Loss of appetite
Extreme thirst
Tired
Weak
```
82
Hyperparathyroidism
```
Produces osteoclastic hormone
1-adenoma
2-C. Renal disease
3-
Osteodystophy
```
83
Primary HPT
Increased parathromone
Increased Ca++
Hypophosphatemia
84
Secondary HPT
C. Renal disease
| Decreased Ca+, hyper phosphatemia
85
Tertiary HPT
Dialysis patients
| High PTH, and calcium)
86
Xray of HPT
```
Osteopenia
Subperiosteal reabsorption
Distal tuft reabsportion
Acro-ostolysis
Brown tumors
Loss of cortical definition
Vascular Ca++
SI joint erosions/AC joint
```
87
Most definitive radiographic sign of HPT
Subperiosteal resorption
88
Hyper phosphatemia
Renal failure
HoPPT, excess vitamins D, bone mets
MM
89
Hypophosphatemia with?
HPT
| Decreased intestine absorption increased renal excretion
90
Increased magnesium
Dehydration
Renal insufficieny
DM
91
Decreased MG seen with
```
Malabsorption
Alcohol
Cirrhosis
Tetany
Muscle weakness
Cardiac arrhythmia
```
92
One eyed pedicle
Lytic mets
Osteoblastoma
ABC
Congential
93
Amylase
Pancreatitis
94
Lipase
Acute pancreatitis
95
Creating phosphokinase (CPK)
Cardiac muscle
96
High cholesterol and low
High associated with hyper lipids is
Low: liver disease/malnutrition
97
What is the most sensitive and specific test for myocardial damage
Cardiac troponin
