FINAL Flashcards
Psychosocial Development in Middle Childhood: Erikson?
Industry vs Inferiority Stage = ages 6-12 Middle Childhood is about competence in meeting challenges faced through parents, peers, school, and the other difficulties of the modern world.
Children who are successful during this stage develop a sense of mastery and proficiency as well as a growing sense of competence.
Children who have difficulties with this stage develop feelings of failure and inadequacy. These children may withdraw from peers, school and show lack of interest.
During middle childhood kids are looking to develop ?
a sense of self and become more interested in their psychological traits than their physical attributes. Children begin to view themselves with greater complexity.
Erikson believed that during middle childhood?
at this stage children seek endeavors in which they can be successfully industrious (hard working, conscientious).
Personal and Academic Spheres of Self?
Four Major Areas with each area having sub-areas. Nonacademic Self-Concept includes physical appearance, peer relations, and physical ability. Academic self-concept includes classes like math, English, drama, extra curricular school related activities.
Personal and Academic Spheres of Self: 4 areas?
- Academic Self-Concept : Math, English, History, Science Recognizing what one is good at in school, where they need improvement etc…
- Social Self-Concept: Peers and significant others issues like I am popular/unpopular
- Emotional Self-Concept: Particular Emotional States (being frustrated, angry, happy) with one’s self and others.
- Physical Self-Concept: Physical Ability and Physical Appearance (comparing one’s self to others)
Social Comparison
The desire to evaluate one’s own behavior, abilities, expertise, and opinions by comparing them to those of others (peer comparisons/evaluation)
Social Reality
Leon Festinger (1954) Theorist = when concrete, objective measures of ability are lacking, people turn to social reality to evaluate themselves. Social Reality refers to understanding that is derived from how others act, think, feel, and view the world.
Downward Social Comparison
When self-esteem is threatened comparisons become with others who are obviously less competent or successful. This concept projects children’s self-esteem. By comparing one’s self to someone less capable it ensures success.
Self-Esteem: Developing a Positive or Negative View of Oneself:
When children are younger (7) their self-esteem reflects a global simple view. If their self-esteem is positive then it is positive in all areas, whereas in middle childhood self-esteem becomes more differentiate. At this age children have differing self-esteem in some areas than others.
Self-Esteem
An individual’s overall and specific positive and negative self-evaluation. Self Esteem is emotionally orientated affected by beliefs and cognitions of what others may think (Everybody thinks I am dumb). (affective, emotions)
Self Concept
A person’s identity or set of beliefs about what one is like as an individual. Self Concept reflects beliefs and cognitions about the self (I am good at math, I am not so good at English. (cognitive)
Change and Stability in Self-Esteem
Overall self-esteem increases during middle childhood.
Low Self-Esteem:
can lead to a cycle of failure. Parents can break the cycle by promoting their child’s self-esteem by using Authoritative Child-rearing style (warm emotionally supportive with clear limits
High Self-Esteem:
generally leads to a cycle of success, higher expectations leads to increased effort and lower anxiety. The cycle leads to higher self-esteem.
Social Problem Solving Abilities
refers to the use of strategies for solving social conflicts in ways that are satisfactory both to oneself and to others.
Dominance Hierarchy
rankings that represent the relative social power of those in a group.
Permissive Parents
Laxed, laidback, inconsistent, gives no responsibilities, assumes no responsibilities. Children are moody, lack social skills, and self-control.
Authoritative Parents
firm, clear limits, consistent, strict, warm, loving, encourages individuality, child rearing style that promotes positive self-esteem in children.
Authoritarian Parents
expect obedience, are controlling, very strict and rigid, a parenting style that can undermine a child’s sense of adequacy leading to lower self-esteem
Uninvolved Parents
show no interest in their children. Emotionally detached, children fare the worst.
Self-care child (latchkey children)
children who let themselves into their homes after school and wait alone until their caretakers return from work; previously known as latchkey children.
Blended Families
A remarried couple that has at least one stepchild living with them.
Coregulation
a period in which parents and children jointly control children’s behavior
Attributions
People’s explanations for the reasons behind their behavior
Adolescence
The developmental stage between childhood and adulthood. A transitional stage where children are not yet considered adults, but not longer a child. It’s a time of enormous physical and psychological growth and change.
Adolescent Growth Spurt
a period of very rapid growth in height and weight.Boys and girls growth spurts begin at different ages (girls around 10 boys around 12). Boys can grow an average of 4.1 inches each year and girls 3.5. Between the age of 11 and 13 girls have a tendency to be taller than boys.
Puberty
A developmental milestone reached when a person becomes sexually mature and capable of having children
Pubescence
The period of time during which sexual maturation takes place.
➢ Puberty is a progression of physical changes
➢ Usually begins in late childhood
The period of maturation during which the sexual organs mature.
Puberty begins when the pituitary gland begins producing sex hormones
Androgens
Male hormones
Estrogen
female hormones
When both men and women hit adult level they produce ?
both types of sex hormones. (males have higher levels of androgens while females have higher levels of estrogen)
Puberty begins earlier for ?
girls than boys (girls around 11 or 12 and boys 13 or 14). There are cases where girls have begun puberty as early as 7 or 8 and as late as 16.
Menarche
The onset of menstruation (varies greatly in different parts of the world). It appears that girls that receive better nourishment and are healthier start menstruation at earlier ages. Other issues that affect the timing of menarche is environmental stress (divorce, conflict, death). Over the last 100 years the onset of menarche is happening younger for girls probably due to reduced disease and improved nutrition (end of 1900 age 14 or 15, present day 11 or 12).
Secular Trend ?
A statistical tendency observed over several generations. The earlier start of puberty is an example changes in physical characteristics occurring over several generations thus a secular trend.
Timing of Puberty
there are social consequences related to early or late onset of puberty.
For boys early maturation is a?
a plus they tend to be more successful at athletics, more popular and have a more positive self-concept. Negative Consequences for boys are trouble in school, delinquent behavior, substance abuse, they tend to be more conforming in later life and lack sense of humor.
For girls early maturation can lead to?
girls to be self-conscious of their developing bodies (breasts) and may endure ridicule from peers. They seem to be more sought after for dates, they are often more popular and often have a higher self concept. They may not be socially ready for all the attention. Cultural norms and standards have a lot to do with how girls deal with early maturation. In the US looking womanly is a positive
Boys fare worse with late onset of puberty than girls because ?
their smaller and at a disadvantage playing sports. As well as boys are expected to be taller than their dates.
Late maturing girls attitudes about themselves and their bodies have a tendency to ?
be greater than that of early matured. Late bloomers experience fewer emotional problems.
Primary Sex Characteristics ?
Body characteristics that are associated with organs and structures of reproduction.
Secondary Sex Characteristics ?
Visible body signs related to sexual maturity that do not involve sex organs (change in voice, hair growth, change in body composition).
Obesity?
Most common nutritional concern during adolescence. 1 in 5 is overweight, 1 in 20 obese. Psychological consequences are severe as this is a very important time for body image. Obese adolescents have and 75-80% chance of becoming obese adults.
Anorexia Nervosa ?
psychological eating disorder in which individuals refuse to eat while denying that their behavior or skeletal appearance is out of the ordinary. 15 to 20 % starve themselves to death. Most common among women ages 12 to 40 most susceptible are intelligent, successful and attractive White adolescent girls from affluent home. About 10% who suffer are boys associated with steroids use.
Bulimia ?
an eating disorder that primarily afflicts adolescent girls and young women, characterized by binges on large quantities of food followed by purges of the food through vomiting or the use of laxatives. Guilt and depression lead to purges. Weight of a person suffering from bulimia stays somewhat normal, however the health risk is great as purging can cause chemical imbalance that can lead to heart failure.
Reasons for eating disorders ?
are not clear several factors have been associated such as dieting often precedes the development of the disorder, societal standards of skinniness, having to be in control or be successful. Early maturing girls have a higher likelihood for developing eating disorders due to higher levels of womanly body fat. Adolescence who are clinically depressed have higher rates of eating disorders. Few studies show biological reasons for the disorders. Twin studies leave us to believe there are genetic components not yet understood. Hormonal imbalances are common among suffers.
Brain Development and Thought/Cognitive Growth – Adolescence?
Adolescent thinking becomes more sophisticated and independence grows.
The brain produces an oversupply of gray matter which is later cut back at the rate of 1 to 2 % a year.
Myelination (nerve cells are insulated by fat cells) increases for neural messages efficiency.
Considerable development in the brain of the?
prefrontal cortex (not fully developed until 20s). This is the part of the brain that allows us to think, evaluate, make complex judgments. It provides impulse control, instead of reacting to emotions like anger or rage, individuals with fully developed prefrontal cortex is able to control the desire for action that stems from such emotions. This ability is not fully developed in adolescence
Sleep Deprivation ?
Adolescence now go to bed later and get up earlier due to academic and current social demands. Adolescence is a time when internal clocks shift and older adolescence need to go to bed later and sleep later in the morning. Most adolescence required 9 hours sleep a night to function and feel rested.
Sleepy Teens?
have lower grades, more depressed, have greater difficulty controlling their moods and are at a much higher risk for automobile accidents.
Stress ?
the physical response to events that threaten or challenge us. Long-term exposure to stress reduces the bodies ability to fight disease. In adolescence stress can lead to headaches, backaches, skin rashes, indigestion, chronic fatigue, sleep disturbances and common cold.
