Exam #2 Flashcards
Reflexes?
Unlearned, organized involuntary responses that occur automatically in the presence of certain stimuli. Genetically determined and universal throughout all infants. Helpful diagnostic tool that something may be wrong/amiss in an infant’s development. Serves as protection. Some reflexes are lifelong and others disappear. Reason believed to be that learned behavior (voluntary muscle control ) overtakes some reflexes. Future behaviors incorporate earlier reflexes (stepping reflex exercises led to earlier mastery of more complex behavior of locomotion/walking)
Rooting Reflex ?
neonate’s automatically turns head toward things that come in contact with their cheeks.(disappears at 3 wks) for food intake
Stepping reflex ?
like cycling when upright position feet toward floor (disappears 2 months) prepares for independent locomotion (walking) A study showed that just practicing four sessions for 3 min at two weeks brought about earlier walking.
Swimming reflex ?
tendency to wave arms and kick when placed faced down in water (disappears 4-6 months) avoidance of danger.
Moro reflex ?
when sudden support of head and neck are gone infant will flail arms and grasp for something / tighten fists (disappears 6 mo) protection from falling.
Babinski reflex ?
fans out toes in response to touch (disappears 8-12 mo) unknown
Startle reflex ?
response to sudden noise / flings arms, arch back, spread fingers (protection) Remains life
Eye-Blink reflex ?
rapid shutting and opening on exposure to light (remains) protection of the retina.
Sucking reflex ?
suck at things that touch the lips (remains) for eating
Gag reflex ?
ability to clear throat (remains) prevents choking
Sucking and Swallowing?
reflexes are present before birth and allow for the ingestion of food
Rooting reflex ?
involves turning of the head toward the direction of a source of stimulation (touch) near the mouth related to eating
Coughing, sneezing and blinking are?
reflexes but not present before birth
Habituation?
- the decrease in a response to a stimulus that occurs after repeated presentations of the same stimulus (the interest shown in a new toy diminishes after time and repeated play interaction, like your car no longer being new, fun)
State?
The degree of awareness an infant displays to both internal and external stimulation (body’s tiredness/irritability / environment bright dull etc)
Primary Behavioral States ?
(4) Awake States
(3) Transition States (sleep and waking)
(2) Sleep States
(1) Transitional Sleep State
Rhythm?
repetitive cyclical patterns of behaviors. Change from wakefulness to sleep. Changes within sleep are wakeful states (some babies set their own routines between feedings and sleep 2-4 hours / thumb sucking may be fast or slow only when tired or for relaxing).
Newborns weight on average ?
7lbs and 20 in length
by 5 mo weight has?
doubled
by 1 yr weight has?
tripled
by 2 years the weight has?
quadrupled since birth
Body parts grow at?
different rates
@ birth head accounts for?
¼ of body size
By 2 head is?
1/5 of body length
By adulthood head is?
1/8 of body size
Cephalocaudal?
(head to toe) growth follows a pattern that begins with the head and upper body parts and then proceeds down to the rest of the body. (both prenatally and after birth) Develop visual abilities before ability to walk. Eat and suck before kicking (head down)
Proximodistal ?
Development proceeds from the center of the body outward (trunk of the body grows before the extremities) Legs and arms before fingers and toes. Same for the ability of use. Effective use of the arms precedes the ability to use the hands. (center out)
Hierarchical Integration?
Simple skills develop separately and independently and later integrate into complex skills. (holding scissors doesn’t happen before mastering movement of individual fingers/cutting is integration of both.
Independence of Systems ?
Different body systems grow at different rates. Growth of one system doesn’t necessarily mean growth of another. Different body systems mature at different rates. (Ex nervous system if sully developed by age 10-12, body size by about 18 yrs yet sexual characteristics are only 60% developed by age 18 and more fully developed by age 20).
Nervous System?
is composed of the brain and nerves that extend the body
Neurons?
basic cells of the nervous system
Dendrites?
a cluster of fibers that allow neurons to communicate to one another through chemical messages
Neurotransmitters?
chemical messages travel across gaps known as synapses between neurons.
Synapses?
gaps between neurons where information is transmitted from one neuron to the next.
Synaptic Pruning?
allows more established networks of neurons to build more elaborate communication networks and the nervous system actually functions better through the loss of some cells.
Myelin?
a fatty substance that coats or insulates neurons which speeds nerve impulses and allows for rapid brain growth.
Cerebral cortex ?
upper layer of the brain responsible for higher order thought processes. Largest structure of the brain
Plasticity?
the degree to which the brain (or developing structure or behavior ) is modifiable due to experience. (Enriched environments produce different brain structure than that of infants with severely restricted environments)
Sensitive Period ?
Specific but limited time, usually early in an organisms life during which the organism is particularly susceptible to environmental influences relating to some particular facet of development.
States of Arousal ?
Different degrees of sleep and wakefulness through which newborns cycle, ranging from deep sleep to great agitation
REM?
Rapid Eye Movement = The period of sleep that is found in older children and adults and is associated with dreaming. (REM is a rhythm of a State)
Infants REM sleep?
1/2 REM and 1/2 non-REM
Adults REM sleep?
20% REM and 80% non-REM
Rhythms?
repetitive, cyclical patterns of behavior
SIDS ?
(Sudden Infant Death Syndrome) = 1:1000 / normal patterns of breathing are interrupted / ceasing to breath. American Academy of Pediatrics request that parents place infants on their backs when they sleep. This has reduced the incidence of SIDS
Respiratory Occlusion Reflex ?
Lewis Lipsitt presents a new theory on cause of SIDS / a reflex that causes infants when their breathing becomes obstructed to shake their heads and raise their hands to their face. Lipsitt suggest laying babies face down to practice behaviors to prevent obstructed breathing
Pincer grasp ?
thumb and index finger meet to form a circle. Children typically learn to pick up objects with their whole hand, later they learn more precise motor control.
Developmental Norms ?
the average performance of a large sample of children of a given age. Permits comparisons between a particular child’s performance on a particular behavior and average performance.
Brazelton Neonatal Behavior Assessment Scale (NBAS) ?
A measure designed to determine infants’ neurological and behavioral responses to their environment. Supplement to the Apgar Test
Brazelton Neonatal Behavior Assessment Scale (NBAS) has what categories?
27 categories of responses in four general aspects of infants’ behavior:
- interactions with others, alertness, cuddliness
- motor behavior
- physiological control (ability to be soothed from upset) 4. responses to stress
Norm?
The term for the average performance of a large sample of children of a given age. Norms are useful if they are based on data from large, heterogeneous, culturally diverse sample of children.
Issues that Affect Motor Development?
Cultural, Environment, Nutrition, Malnutrition, Under nutrition, Marasmus, Kwashiorkor
How does culture affect motor development?
cultural factor may inhibit or advance certain motor development. Ache people of South America carry their infants often for the first two years of life due to the limitation of open space. Kipsigis people of Kenya Africa parent teach their infants to be independent, sit up and walk from very early ages (8 weeks)
How does environment affect motor development?
enriched environments that promote physical development can accelerate some motor skills
How does nutrition affect motor development?
physical growth is fueled by proper nutrients. Without good nutrients infants cannot reach physical potential and suffer cognitive and social consequences.
How does malnutrition affect motor development?
the condition of having an improper amount and balance of nutrients. Physical growth is stunted, IQ scores are lower, 2 million children in the US live in poverty which puts them at risk for malnutrition.
What is marasmus?
a disorder of sever malnutrition during infancy causing infants to stop growing (results in death)
What is Kwashiorkor?
disease swelling of water in face, stomach & limbs
Dynamic Systems Theory was developed by who?
Esther Thelen / Developmentalist = a theory of how motor skills develop and are coordinated.
What is the Dynamic Systems Theory?
How motor behaviors are assembled through the coordination of a variety of other skills. For example in order for an infant to be able to pick up a small object like a marble they must have the visual ability to do such as well as the environment enabling such activity. (muscles, perception, cognition and motivation) Children’s interaction with their environment lead to advancements in motor activity.
Sensation?
the physical stimulation of the sense organs
Perception?
the sorting out, interpretation, analysis and integration of stimuli involving the sense organs and brain. Mental processing. Infants’ understanding of the world around them are sensation and perception.
Obesity?
weight greater than 20% above the average for a given heights
Breast or Bottle? 1940’s
1940’s led a belief that bottle feeding was preferred and breast feeding put babies at risk. The amount of milk could be measured in bottle fed babies. Bottle fed babies helped mothers maintain rigid schedules.
Breast or Bottle? Today
Today breast fed babies is what is encouraged for the first 12 months. Nutrients and immunity against respiratory illnesses, ear infections, diarrhea, allergies, easily digested sterile, convenient, some evidence indicates it may enhance cognitive development. Only 70% of US woman breast feed (highest rate among women of higher SES, more education, older woman, and social and cultural support). Babies that sleep with the mother and nurse at will wake frequently.
Solid Foods for infants?
infants usually start solids around 4-6 months. Foods are introduced gradually for allergy purposes.
Weaning?
the gradual cessation of breast or bottle-feeding is subjective and culturally driven.
Nonorganic Failure to Thrive ?
infants that show similar signs of being deprived of food. By the age of 18 mo children stop growing due to a lack of stimulation and attention from their parents. (underdeveloped, listless, and apathetic) lack of emotional stimulation.
Distance Vision ?
20/200 – 20/600 infants only accurately see material up to 20 feet as compared to the adult accuracy of 200 and 600 feet. This is only 1/10 to 1/3 that of an adults distance vision. By six months an infant’s distance vision is 20/20 that identical of an adult’s
Binocular Vision ?
the ability to combine the images coming to each eye to see depth and motion (achieved around 14 weeks). Before this infants do not integrate images coming from both eyes and sight is blurred.
Auditory Perception ?
hearing begins prenatally, infants are more sensitive than adults to certain very high and very low frequencies which increases in the first two years. Later middle range frequency improves.
Sense of Smell ?
babies 12 – 18 days old can distinguish their mothers on scent alone. Bottle fed babies could not distinguish mother on smell alone.
Multimodal Approach to Perception ?
How information that is collected by various individual sensory systems is integrated and coordinated. Can an infant recognize something by sight that they have only felt. If you gave an infant a pacifier but he could never see it would his touch senses allow him to identify the pacifier as such?
Affordances?
the discovery of options that a given situation or stimulus provides and infant. Falling down when walking down a ramp (ramp affords the possibility of falling down) (a toy that can be grasped, thrown, listened to has several affordances).
Piaget’s Cognitive Development Theory ?
What we know effects behavior. Action = Knowledge, Infants’ knowledge is a direct product of motor behavior, hands on learning. All children pass through a series of 4 universal stages in a fixed order from birth to adolescence
What are the 4 stages in Piaget’s Cognitive Development Theory ?
- Sensorimotor
- Pre Operational
- Concrete Operational
- Formal Operational
Sensorimotor stage?
birth – 2 yrs - initial major stage of cognitive development. Development of motor skills, object permanence (existence of things that cannot be seen). 6 substages.
6 substages of Piaget’s Cognitive Development Theory
The order of the substage does not change from child to child but timing of development within a stage does. The age which an infant reaches a particular stage varies (timing is the interaction between infants’ level of physical maturation and social environment)
substage 1?
Simple Reflexes – First month of life, the center of baby’s physical and cognitive life determining interactions with the world. sucking, rooting, moro – lack of support of head and neck – stepping, Babinski – toes on foot- startle – arch in back, blinking, gagging. Some reflexes accommodate infants’ development with the world around them. Breast fed babies who also take bottles suck differently depending on the device for food.
substage 2?
First Habits and Primary Circular Reactions – 1-4 months, integration of actions (grasping an object with sucking on it). May repeat the skill for entertainment but also builds cognitive schemes through repetition known as Primary Circular Reactions (repeated pleasurable activities that involve infants’ own body). Thumb sucking at first may be by chance but repeated for sensation and pleasure it becomes a primary circular reaction.
substage 3?
Secondary Circular Reactions 4-8 months (act on the outside world) – Purposeful – Direct actions with objects by chance would attempt to repeat it. Schemes regarding repeated actions that brings about desirable consequences. A baby who repeatedly shakes a rattle in different ways to create different sounds is modifying her cognitive schemes about shaking rattles. Vocalization increases in this stage and is a Secondary Circular Reaction that leads to development of language and formation of social relationships
Difference between PCR and SCR ?
whether the infant’s activity is focused on the infant and own body or involves relating to the world outside.
Substage 4?
Coordination of SCR = 8-12 months, has goal directed behavior (several schemes are combined to create a single act to solve a problem. Moving one item to get to another that is partly visible. Anticipate things to come. A baby will stop crying if they hear the microwave in anticipation of their feeding or stop sucking when they hear air in the bottle when formula is almost gone.
Object Permanence?
The realization that people and objects still exist even when they can’t be seen. (out of sight but not out of mind) creates further cognitive development, helps in social attachments, and desires for object obtainment.
substage 5?
Tertiary Circular Reaction – 12-18 months = schemes regarding deliberate variation of actions that bring about desirable consequences. Mini experiments where modifications in behavior brought about a change in the situation and consequences.
Dropping objects from different heights or positions to understand and explain unanticipated events.
substage 6?
Beginnings of thought 18mo – 2 years Capacity of Mental Representation or symbolic Thought, internal image of a past event or thought creating an understanding of causality. An infant understands a ball that rolls under furniture will likely roll out the other side if it doesn’t the infant will look for the cause.
