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Final Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What are the core ideas that creationists hold to

A 
real, recent creation
separately created kinds
literal Adam
literal Fall and Curse
Global Flood
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2
Q

naturalistic evolution

A

A view of the origins of the universe that states:

All things came about by natural processes over a long period of time

All organisms can be traced back to a single common ancestor

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3
Q

what is a fossil

A

evidence of a once living organism

typically found in sedimentary rocks

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4
Q

body fossil

A

the actual organism itself or parts of it

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5
Q

trace fossil

A

indirect evidence of a fossil

ichnofossil

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6
Q

taphonomy

A

the study of everything that happens to an organism from the moment it dies until it is discovered as a fossil

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7
Q

plate tectonics

A

The theory that the earth’s crust is made of different plates that move

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8
Q

Universal Common Descent

A

The theory that all organisms are descended from a single common ancestor

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9
Q

viviparous

A

bringing forth live young that have developed inside the body of the parent

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10
Q

oviparous

A

producing young by means of eggs that are hatched after they have been laid by the parent

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11
Q

ovoviviparous

A

producing young by means of eggs which are hatched within the body of the parent, as in some snakes

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12
Q

sexual dimorphism

A

Variation in morphology and/or behavior associated with gender

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13
Q

microevolution

A

Changes in allele frequencies in a population over time

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14
Q

speciation

A

The evolutionary process by which new species arise

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15
Q

macroevolution

A

Evolutionary change above the level of species

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16
Q

megaevolution

A

Very large changes over time necessary for the creation of higher-level groups

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17
Q

convergance

A

Two unrelated species acquire the same feature independently

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18
Q

homology

A

Resemblance in biological structure or function that is the result of shared common ancestry

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19
Q

analogy

A

Comparable biological structures or functions that arose independently

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20
Q

radiometric dating

A

a method of dating geological or archeological specimens by determining the relative proportions of particular radioactive isotopes present in a sample

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21
Q

4 types of radiometric decay

A

alpha decay
beta decay
nuclear fission
electron capture

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22
Q

3 main assumptions with radiometric dating

A

The number of parent and daughter isotopes has only changed by radioactive decay (no contamination)

The amount of daughter isotopes at the beginning is either zero or an amount that can be accurately determined (we know the initial conditions)

The rate of decay has been constant over time

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23
Q

bioturbation

A

the record of animals burrowing in the sediments

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24
Q

Cambrian explosion

A

almost every known phylum is present

almost every known class is present

all appear suddenly without ancestry

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25
Q

explanations for the Cambrian explosion

A

lack of fossils

poor soft-bodied preservation material

real, rapid, evolutionary event

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26
Q

Permian-Triassic extinction

A

most severe mass extinction

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27
Q

taxonomy

A

the study of the classification of organisms

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28
Q

traditional taxonomy

A 
domain
kingdom
phylum
class 
order
family
genus
species
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29
Q

phylogeny

A

An evolutionary tree that indicates closeness of relationships

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30
Q

cladistics

A

Phylogenetic analysis involving the search for monophyletic groups by means of character analysis

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31
Q

clade

A

A group of taxa all united by common descent (i.e., monophyletic)

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32
Q

character

A

an observable trait

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33
Q

apomorphy

A

A character distinct to a particular taxon

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34
Q

synapomorphy

A

An apomorphy uniting two or more taxa that is particular to those taxa (“derived character”)

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35
Q

plesiomorphy

A

A character uniting two more taxa that is retained from more basal taxa (“basal character”)

36
Q

4 types of common design

A

common blueprint
common descent
common need
common function

37
Q

holobaramin

A

A group containing all organisms that share continuity and are discontinuous from all other organisms

38
Q

monobaramin

A

A group of organisms sharing continuity

39
Q

apobaramin

A

A group of organisms that are discontinuous from all other organisms

40
Q

polybaramin

A

An artificial grouping of organisms, not considering continuity or discontinuity

41
Q

What are dinosaurs

A

vertebrates
reptiles
diapsids
archosaurs (Ruling Reptiles)

42
Q

dinosaur synapomorphies

A

erect posture
perforated acetabulum
Ascending astragalar process on front surface of tibia

43
Q

pterosaurs

A

same range as dinosaurs

found on every continent and on Greenland and New Zealand

all laid eggs

flying reptiles

covered in pycnofibres

44
Q

Pterodactyloidea

A

Middle Jurassic to Upper Cretaceous

short tails

long necks

45
Q

biggest pterosaurs

A

Azhdarchidae

46
Q

Herrerasauridae

A

Triassic dinosaurs

Theropod-like

Weird semi-retroverted pubis

metacarpals on hand

47
Q

Dinosauromorpha synapomorphies

A

Ascending astragalar process on front surface of tibia

48
Q

Lagerpetidae

A

Generally small, gracile creatures

Had a closed acetabulum

Hook-shaped femur

part of Dinosauromorpha

49
Q

Silesauridae

A

Long-legged, mostly herbivorous dinosauriforms

Middle – Upper Triassic

Lowest ones in the Triassic have nearly conical teeth and beaks, Upper Triassic forms have folidont teeth.

50
Q

Ornithiscia

A

Bird-hipped

Predentary bone

Thyreophora

51
Q

Heterodontosauridae

A

Upper Triassic to Lower Cretaceous

Small, bipedal ornithischians

Found on all continents except Australia and Antarctica

52
Q

Scutellosaurus

A

Lower Jurassic of Arizona

Basalmost thyreophoran

Probably bipedal

Up to 4 ft. long

53
Q

Scelidosauridae

A

Middle Jurassic

The “earliest complete dinosaur”

The most completely known British dinosaur

13 ft. long and quadrupedal

Lightly armored

54
Q

Stegosauria

A

Middle Jurassic – Lower Cretaceous(?)

Dorsal row of plates/spikes

Thagomizer

55
Q

thyreophora synapomorphy

A

Body armor lined up in longitudinal rows along the body

56
Q

Ankylosauria

A

Heavily armored

Middle Jurassic – Upper Cretaceous

Nodosauridae (No tail clubs, Narrow skulls)

Ankylosauridae (Tail clubs, Wide skulls)

57
Q

Ornithopoda

A

Generic bipedal/quadrupedal herbivores

Jaw articulation ventral to maxillary tooth row

Lower Jurassic – Upper Cretaceous

58
Q

only known burrowing dinosaur

A

Oryctodromeus

59
Q

Hypsilophodonts

A

“basal” ornithopods

Middle Jurassic – Cretaceous

Small, bipedal, seemingly unspecialized herbivores

Possessed cheek teeth for grinding plant material

60
Q

Iguanodontia

A

Iguanodon

Hadrosauridae

61
Q

Hadrosauridae

A

DUCK-BILLED DINOS

Lambeosaurinae (Bony crests)

Hadrosaurinae (No bony crests)

Most efficient chewers of all dinosaurs

Upper Cretaceous

62
Q

Marginocephalia

A

marginal shelf at the back of skull

Pachycephalosauria

ceratopsia

63
Q

Pachycephalosauria

A

Bone heads

Bipedal

Upper Cretaceous

North America and Asia

Skulls changed through ontogeny

64
Q

Ceratopsia

A

Parrot beak-like rostrum

Upper Jurassic – Upper Cretaceous

65
Q

Yinlong

A

Earliest and “most primitive” ceratopsian known

Upper Jurassic of China

Possesses premaxillary teeth

Not a very pronounced rostrum

66
Q

Neoceratopsia

A

Obvious frill

Protoceratopsidae

Leptoceratopsidae

Ceratopsidae

67
Q

Ceratopsidae

A

Obvious horns

Upper Cretaceous

Huge nasal cavities

North America (and 1 in Asia)

Centrosaurinae (Short frills, Minimal brow horns (usually), Large nose horn (usually)

Chasmosaurinae (Long frills, Large brow horns (usually), Small nose horn)

68
Q

Saurischia

A

“Lizard-hipped”

Upper Triassic – Upper Cretaceous (to present if you include birds)

69
Q

Sauropodomorpha

A

Long-necked and long-tailed

Herbivores

Upper Triassic – Upper Cretaceous

70
Q

Prosauropods

A

“Basal” sauropodomorphs

Some were bipedal

Upper Triassic – Lower Jurassic

71
Q

Sauropoda

A

Obligate quadrupeds

Contains biggest dinosaurs

Walked on all 5 toes

Pillar-like legs

Very long necks and tails

Upper Triassic – Upper Cretaceous

Pneumaticity in skeleton

72
Q

Pneumaticity in skeleton

A

Lightened skeleton

Evidence for unidirectional breathing like birds

Helps with problem of breathing through long necks

73
Q

Diplodicomorpha

A

Incredibly long necks and tails

Forelimbs shorter than hindlimbs

Pencil-like teeth

Sauropoda

74
Q

Macronaria

A

Sauropoda

“Big noses”

Brachiosauridae (Forelimbs much longer than hindlimbs, Big bump on head contains nares)

Camarasauridae

Titanosauria (The biggest sauropods are in this group, Mainly a Cretaceous group, No phalanges on manus)

75
Q

Theropoda

A

The only group of dinosaurs that contains strictly carnivorous forms

Upper Triassic to Upper Cretaceous

All bipedal

Grasping hands with

fingers or less

All walk on three toes (except therizinosaurs)

Hollow bones

76
Q

Coelophysoidea

A

Theropoda

Upper Triassic – Lower Jurassic

Four fingers

Kink in snout

77
Q

Ceratosauria

A

Four fingers

Abelisauroidea (Bizarre, large theropods, Tiny arms, Pug-like snouts)

78
Q

Tetanurae

A

“Stiff tails”

3 fingers or less on hand

Theropoda

79
Q

Coelurosauria

A

Definitely feathered groups

Large orbits

Tibia longer than femur

Tyrannosauroidea

Maniraptoriformes

80
Q

Maniraptoriformes

A

Some groups have true pennaceous feathers

Ornithomimosauria (Ostrich-mimic dinosaurs)

Maniraptora (Bird-like features: Semi-lunate carpal)

81
Q

Paraves

A

Maniraptora

Dromaeosauridae

Troodontidae

Avialae

82
Q

first person to suggest dino to bird evolution

A

Thomas Henry Huxley

83
Q

Archaeopteryx

A

“Ancient wing”

“Basal” avialan

Solnhofen Limestone, Upper Jurassic, Germany

First skeleton in 1863

Main line of evidence used by Huxley to argue for dinosaur/bird evolution

84
Q

Archaeopteryx bird characteristics vs. dino characteristics

A

Bird characteristics: Feathers, Furcula

Dinosaur characteristics: Long bony tail, Teeth, Clawed digits

85
Q

other evidence for dino bird evolution

A

Bird-like respiratory system in theropods

Bird-like behavior in maniraptoran theropods: Sleeping posture (Mei long), Nest brooding (Citipati)

86
Q

Enantiornithes

A

Most common Cretaceous group of birds

Clawed digits

Toothed

Worldwide fossil record

Dino Bio (6 decks)

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