Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

HoP > FINAL > Flashcards

FINAL Flashcards

1
Q

Why does Hunt say that social psychology is a mishmash of interests & topics?

A

–There is no unifying theme

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

T or F ____ Norman Triplett studied cognitive dissonance

A

STUDIED SOCIAL FACILITATION= PRESENCE OF OTHERS BOOTS YOUR PERFORMANCE

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

T or F: Muzafer Sherif’s research showed that your judgment can be swayed by others’ opinions.

A

True

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

T or F: Kurt Lewin brought Wundtian’s structuralism to American social psych

A

Wundtian themes bored him

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

T or F Joe McCarthy conducted studies on conformity that used lines of different lengths

A

False; DONE BY ASCH; McCarthy was anti-communist senator that black listed people

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

T or F Lying for $1 creates less cognitive dissonance more than lying for $20.

A

False; creates more dissonance–don’t feel bad for lying

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

T or F The Clarion Guardians are real;

A

False– from a fictional planet

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

List three real-world situations for which cognitive dissonance can provide an explanation.

A

-prized membership, rationalization, blaming the victim

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Who was Leon Festinger?

A

Student of Lewins, grad student, became assistant prof at Lewin’s Research Center for Group Dynamics at MIT

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Why did Zimbardo decide to do the Stanford Prison Study?

A

To study the social psychology of imprisonment; how far will someone go to play a role?

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

. List three real-world situations for which Milgram’s studies can provide an explanation.

A

Legit defense for atrocities and abusing others; Following Dr’s orders; Revealed dark side of humanity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Describe Latane & Darley’s epilepsy study. What ethical guidelines/rules did people feel that it violated?

A

Students had to do this for class credit. They were told they would be talking about the personal problems of urban university students. To minimize embarrassment when revealing personal matters, they would be in separate cubicles and communicate over an intercom system. One of the voices heard was of a confederate who said he was prone to epileptic seizures under stress. After a bit he started to sound disordered and incoherent and then went into a seizue. 85% who thought it was just the two of them talking popped out of their cubicles for help; those who thought there were at least 4 others in the group, only 31% of them popped up to help. BYSTANDER EFFECT

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

If you are having a health emergency, how many people do you want to have around you? Why that number

A

maybe one; the less people, the more chance you will get help

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

In Deutsch and Krauss’ Acme trucking-Bolt game how did manipulating the threat level and the ability to communicate impact the behavior of participants and the amount of profit or loss they received? What do you think would happen in these experiments if the participants were women?

A

The less they communicated threats, they made the greatest profit. If they communicated and were tutored on how to do things fairly, they worked through it swiftly, and when they both made threats and became deadlocked, verbal communication was key to lead to an agreement quickly after.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

List three current situations in the world to which research from conflict resolution can be applied. Describe how it would apply in each situation.

A

Tenant and landlords; teachers and students; management and labor

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Provide concrete examples of each of the operational biases (including the FAE) presented in class.

A

FAE= Fundamental Attribution Error: They do it because of their disposition, not because of the situation
2) Good looking people: better, smarter, more worthy of attention.
3) If you’re an underdog, you deserve it (Just-World hypothesis)
4) Role-Associated Knowledge: Assume persona has all answers (doc, prof). SUCCESS=I DID THAT; FAILURE= outside force RESPONSIBLE.
EX: Education, therapy, and performance enhancement

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Define “attribution”. Results from which areas of research in social psychology were reinterpreted in the context of attribution theory

A

Process by which we make inferences about the causes of events in our lives and the behavior of others.(who or what is responsible for someones behavior). Cognitive dissonance, Foot-in-the-door phenomena (if I give a little to a fundraiser once, therefore give more the second time, because I attribute the first donation to being a good and kind person.)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q
  1. List one research result from each of the topics on pages 497-500
A

Interpersonal relations: Alerted to own communication flaws and made more sensitive to what they say
Mass communication: 2 sided presentation offering and refuting the oppositions view, then offering and supporting ones own view, are far more persuasive than powerful presentations of a single view.
Attraction:similarity of personality and background have far more power to attract than the idea of opposites attract
Attitude change: Impacts individuals and large groups
Prejudice: Still ongoing societal problem
Group decision making: Groups perform better than individuals on tasks where everyones effort adds to the end result
Altruism: Doing something for someone without personal gain. Does it even exist?
Social neuroscience: Effects of TV violence on behavior

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

T or F: data from research with college undergraduates has high external validity.

A

FALSE

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Ex-GEstaltist who found Wundt boring

A

Lewin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Who created Field theory?

A

Lewin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Human behavior is a function of both:

A

the person and the environment

B= f(p,e)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Presence of others boosts your performance is known as

A

Social facilitation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Who established a research center for Group dynamics at MIT, 1944; U of Michigan, 1947?

A

Kurt Lewin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Who ran a cult in Minnesota

A

Mrs Keech

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What planet were the Guardians from?

A

Clarion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

During the Acme Bolt trucking game- whats the outcome for no gates, one gate operator, and 2 gate operators

A

no gate = profits
1 gate = small profit loss
2 gates= large profit loss

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Who was the Founder of the International center for Cooperation and Conflict Resolution?

A

Morton Deutsch

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Impact of Deutsch:

A

Conflict resolution remains highly relevant in todays world

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Who wrote the book “Psychology of Interpersonal Relations”

A

Fritz Heider

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

The following are examples of:

  • Too reminiscent of Nazi’s
  • Can’t do stuff to people w/o their knowledge
  • –Invasion of human rights
  • Shows peoples dark side
  • Can get data without using experimental methods
A

Examples of criticisms for deception

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Minimal deception is now ok but only with a

A

Risk-benefit analysis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

1967 Posner Study of Letters, Which had faster reaction time?
AA or Aa

A

AA- 549 milliseconds

Aa- 623 milliseconds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

What is a key concept to cognitive neuroscience?

A

Reductionism

-needs, emotions, thoughts are all reducible to neural activity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Classical conditioning of synapses; neurons that fire together wire together; strengthens synapse connection

A

Hebbian learning

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Enriched environments lead to

A

enriched brains

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

Describe George Miller’s reaction to behaviorism as covered in Hunt and lecture.

A

Behaviorism was the first revolution, cognitive is the second

38
Q

Why was the Harvard Center for Cognitive Studies set up and by whom?

A

Set up by Bruner and Miller; They needed a place to study the mind

39
Q

List 4 areas of psychology that provided “fuel” for the cognitive revolution. What was it specifically that each provided

A

Neuroscientists: observing neural events and cellular interconnections involved in mental processes
Computer science: designing machinery that seemed to think
Anthropologists: analyzing thought patterns of people in other cultures
Logicians-Mathematicians: developing information theory and using it to account for both the capabilities and limitations of human communication

40
Q

What is a “symbol of thought” and to which aspects of cognitive psych does it apply?

A

Symbol like the equals sign (=) means “the same as”; Computers and AI/Info processing

41
Q

Define the “General Problem Solver”. Who created it and what became of it?

A

Simon and Newell and Shaw; Was the prototype (besides Logic Theorist) of AI. Could play chess, solved word problems, etc.

42
Q

Draw figure 39 on page 597 in Hunt from memory.

A

STORAGE

Retinal image-processing-more processing-still more processing-Consciousness

43
Q

How does the concept of “unseen processes” tie into the research on the information processing model of the mind?

A

We cant voyage into it but they can deduce how it works from the track so to speak, made by an invisible thought process

44
Q

Two basic features shared by all AI programs

A

Representation

Information processing

45
Q

Which field outside of psych had the greatest impact on psych?

A

Computer science

46
Q

Name the book published by Newell and Simon in 1972

A

Human Problem Solving

47
Q

The manipulation of knowledge to achieve a goal

A

Thinking

48
Q

Instead of thinking, many psychologists used the term

A

Reasoning

49
Q

Thought processes included these three things

A

reasoning, categorization, problem solving

50
Q

Who came up with the magic number 7+/- 2

A

Miller

51
Q

What are sensory buffers and what role do they play?

A

First received and held by the buffer (eyes, ears, touch, taste, smell);

52
Q

FIGURE 40

A

Impressions not attended to

Stimuli-buffer-STM–Elaborative processing-LTM

53
Q

Widely distributed interacting systems with different functions

A

Memory

54
Q

What is a schema

A

How we organize an experience

55
Q

Who came up with Schema?

A

Bartlett

56
Q

Memory connected to an intense emotion

A

Flashbulb memory

57
Q

Implanted false memories??

A

Create false memories to fill something in

58
Q

WHAT IS LAD?

A

Language Acquisition Device; innate language capacity

59
Q

Who is associated with LAD?

A

Chomsky

60
Q

T or F: research has definitively shown that Broca’s and Wernicke’s areas are the only brain systems supporting language.

A

False; many other parts of the brain support it too

61
Q

Chomsky’s book was called

A

Syntactic Structures; said language was innate not learned

62
Q

When mothers talk in a high sing-song voice

A

Motherese

63
Q

What is a semantic convergence zone?

A

Where your thoughts come together to get you a picture

64
Q

What is the Turing Test?

A

A judge is in a separate room and there is a person and a computer it communicates with. If the judge doesn’t know who the human is, the computer wins

65
Q

Provide original concrete examples of 3 types of problem solving presented in “Human Problem Solving”.

A

Heuristics (avoids trial and error)
Best-first search (which way to the goal)
Means-end analysis (backward and forward searching)

66
Q

Type of reasoning that involves pattern recognition in order to figure out what number comes next in a sequence

A

Inductive

67
Q

Syllogisms are examples of:

A

deductive reasoning

68
Q

Expert reasoning uses:

A

Top-down processing, forward searching, shortcuts

69
Q

What is PDP?

A

Parallel Distributed Processing; processing elements parallel and cooperatively to carry out activities

70
Q

Lackner and Garrett Headphone study

A

Pay attention to what yo hear in one ear and ignore the other; divided attention–those with irrelevant sentences in the ignoring ear couldn’t figure out parts of a story while others could

71
Q

What is connectionism?

A

Connectionism is a recently coined term that refers to a set of approaches to the interdisciplinary blending of many fields such as artificial intelligence, cognitive psychology, cognitive science, neuroscience, and philosophy of mind in order to model mental and behavioral phenomena in the context of interconnected networks rather than as discrete fields.

72
Q

Some subspecialties of psych

A

Neuroscience, health, social, developmental, cognitive, personality, statistical, learning,

73
Q

APA vs APS

A 
APA= clinical/practicioner
APS= academics and scientists
74
Q

APA absorbed which group

A

AACP

75
Q

APA was accused of being “in bed” with

A

politicians

76
Q

When was APS founded

A

1988

77
Q

5 themes that bind psychologists together

A

all interested in brains and minds-related
emphasis on individual cognitive processes
methods of cognitive psych (reaction time and precent correct)
Falsification-testing the null hypothesis
Commitment to studying real-world phenomena

78
Q

Main areas of psychologists

A

Schools, universities, private practice, hospitals, government, business, non-profits

79
Q

True or False: more women are entering the field than men

A

True

80
Q

Will there ever be a Theory of Everything?

A

No–too many subspecialties to tie it up nicely

81
Q

T or F: psych is too divided, leading to misorganization

A

True

82
Q

What supports misorganization?

A

Tradition= comfort
Vested Interest-maintain status quo
Need to Specialize breeds continued specialization

83
Q

Why should organization change?

A

Doesn’t accurately reflect the nature of psych phenomena

  • encourages a narrow viewpoint
    2) Creates cliques or barriers to collaboration
    3) marginalizes some non-core phenomena (wisdom or imagination)
    4) Marginalizes some psychologists
84
Q

Figure of speech in which a term for a part of something refers to the whole of something

A

synecdote

85
Q

What defines the field?

A

Variety

86
Q

Nature of the Mind: Neural basis

A

perception, emotion, memory, thought, personality, sense of self, consciousness

87
Q

Nature of the soul:

A

Gone from psych

88
Q

Dualism v monism:

A

Gone from psych for the most part

89
Q

Nature v Nurture

A

Interactionist emphasis

Product of experience

90
Q

Free Will v. Determinism

A

Minds operating system can run in a self-reflective mode that evaluates options and makes choices

HoP (2 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions