Final Flashcards
Pathogenesis?
Development of a disease
Sequel or Sequela
Aftermath of a disease
Etiology
Cause of a disease
Idiopathic disease
unknown cause
Congenital Disorders
present at birth or shortly after
Degenerative disorder
Function/structure of the affected tissue or organs progressively deteriorate overtime
ex: osteoarthritis, Alzheimers, arteriosclerosis
Metabolic disorder
Disruption of normal metabolism
ex: Diabetes, hypothyroidism, gigantism
Traumatic disorder
physical or chemical injury
ex: burns, frostbite, bone fractures
2 arms of Adaptive immunity?
Cell mediated and humoral immunity
Humoral Immunity
due to actions of antibodies, proteins produced by white cells called (B cells) provide defense agains extracellular cells
Cell mediated Immunity
Provides defense against viruses, abnormal cells and other intracellular cells. Responsible for rejecting tissue grafts and organ transplants
Antifungal drugs
target and destroy fungal walls and membranes
but can affect human cells as well
Rubella
German measles (3 day measles) Highly contagious Part of MMR vaccine, transmitted via respiratory droplets, airborne transmission and from pregnant mother to fetus few or no signs or symptoms, pink/red rash, headache, loss of appetite, mild conjunctivitis, stuffy nose, joint pain
Osteosarcoma
Malignant tumor of bone, less common, grow fast, metastasize through the blood
Tumor markers
chemicals made by tumor cells which can be detected in blood, normal healthy cells produce them as well and can be significantly elevated in noncancerous conditions
Alleles
alternative forms of a gene. appear on each paired chromosome.
Homozygous
two of the same allele is inherited
Heterozygous
two alleles are different
Haploid
single set of unpaired chromosomes (23)
Diploid
two complete sets of chromosomes (46) one set from each parent
Cerebral Palsy
Congenital disorder, appears by 3 years old
impaired muscle movement, tone and posture
Angioplasty
heart stent, balloon wrapped in mesh and then inserted
Bypass
restores normal blood flow to a blocked coronary artery
Ablation
scars or destroys tissue in the heart that causes an abnormal heart rhythm
Defibrillator
device placed under the skin that monitors your heart rhythm, if an irregular rhythm is detected it delivers an electrical shock to restore normal rhythm
Electrocardioversion
electrodes placed on chest that deliver electrical shocks to restore normal heart rhythm
Polycythemia
“absolute polycythemia” increase in red blood cells, commonly seen in men between ages 40-50
ss: dizziness, headache, visual disturbance, hypertension.
Thalassemia
Most common genetic disorders in the world
inherited blood disorder which there is deficient synthesis of protein chains required for normal function of hemoglobin
Sickle cell anemia
“sickle” shaped hemoglobin, genetic disorder, if one gene is inherited heterozygous it is considered sickle cell trait. If inherited two genes one from each parent then it is called sickle cell anemia. 10% of african americans have sickle cell trait. Sickle cell crisis are painful episodes.
Thrombocytopenia
abnormally small amount of circulating platelets, most common bleeding problem among hospitalized patients. impaired production or increased destruction of platelets. Caused by chemotherapy or radiation which suppresses platelet formation by destroying bone marrow. Causes prolonged bleeding. Can usually be corrected
Clotting cascade
platelets initially plug the broken vessel, then fibrin come and help. You have fibrinogen circulating in blood, when you are injured then your body triggers prothrombin converts to thrombin, which help convert fibrinogen to fibrin. Intrinsic (workhorse) and extrinsic (spark) pathway
Clotting factors
Thrombin activates factor 5, 7,8,11,13
Factor 12 is not really needed in intrinsic pathway.
Extrinsic factor 3,7,10
Hemophilia
Love to bleed
Hemophilia A = Factor 8 deficiency
Hemophilia B= Factor 9 deficiency
Hemophilia C= Factor 11 deficiency
Oxygen Saturation rates
Normal rates are 90% or above, levels below 90% signify decreased lung function
Rapid Strep test, throat culture
used to diagnose tonsillitis
Pneumonia
is an infection that inflames the air sacs in one or both lungs. The air sacs may fill with fluid or pus (purulent material), causing cough with phlegm or pus, fever, chills, and difficulty breathing. A variety of organisms, including bacteria, viruses and fungi, can cause pneumonia
Digestive process
Begins in the mouth with break down of food, saliva moistens the food and releases an enzyme to help break down starch, food then passes through the pharynx (throat) and down the esophagus to the stomach. chyme then passes through the pyloric sphincter into the small intestine, most digestion happens in the duodenum. Peristalsis propels food down the digestive track.
volvulus
twisted intestine
adhesion
sticking together
intussusceptions
intestine telescopes into itself, usually in first 3-6 months of life
hiatal and inguinal hernia
hiatal hernia: part of the stomach pushes through the diaphragm
Inguinal hernia:A condition in which soft tissue bulges through a weak point in the abdominal muscles.
ADH (antidiuretic hormone) and Aldosterone
regulate water and salt in the body. ADH from posterior pituitary acts on kidney and promotes water reabsorption. Aldosterone from the adrenal gland acts on the kidney to promote sodium reabsorption
Polyuria
abnormally large amount of urine production
Dysuria
painful urination
oliguria
low urine output
pyelonephritis
Inflammation of the kidney due to a bacterial infection.
glomuerulonephritis
s inflammation of the tiny filters in your kidneys (glomeruli). Glomeruli remove excess fluid, electrolytes and waste from your bloodstream and pass them into your urine. Glomerulonephritis can come on suddenly (acute) or gradually (chronic
urethritis
inflammation of the urethra
cystitis
An infection in any part of the urinary system, the kidneys, bladder, or urethra.
Symptoms of kidney disease
oliguria, anuria, low urine volume, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, odor of ammonia on breath due to accumulation of nitrogen in the blood.
GFR & Creatinine
Doctors measure the blood creatinine level as a test of kidney function. The kidneys’ ability to handle creatinine is called the creatinine clearance rate, which helps to estimate the glomerular filtration rate (GFR) – the rate of blood flow through the kidneys.
RAAS
The renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) is a signaling pathway responsible for regulating the body’s blood pressure. Stimulated by low blood pressure or certain nerve impulses (e.g. in stressful situations), the kidneys release an enzyme called renin.
Nephritic syndrome
there will be development of kidney lesions
Chronic glomerulonephritis what does a CT and US reveal?
size, shape, location as well as related structures such as ureters and bladder. tumors, abscesses, fluid collection and infection
Parathyroid gland regulates what?
Calcium and phosphate
What is the Pancreas associated with?
Somatostatin, glucagon, and insulin
What disease is the most common form of hypothyroidism?
Graves Disease
In hyperthyroidism as calcium levels rise what levels fall?
Phosphate
Occipital lobe is responsible for?
visual input
Autonomic nervous system include?
enteric, sympathetic, and parasympathetic
Bells Palsy
paralysis of facial muscles and is caused by inflammation of the facial nerve
What is affected in meningitis?
Pia mater and arachnoid mater
What can neutralize the toxin of tetanus?
immunoglobulin
Parkinson’s disease is related to reduced levels of?
neurotransmitter: dopamine and norepinephrine
What does an Otoscope allow visualization of?
auditory canal and tympanic membrane
Swelling of the Otitis may perforate what?
Tympanic membrane
Age hearing loss is realted to
Presbycusis and need for hearing aides
Mental disorders rarely come on suddenly?
True or False
True
What is the most common mental disorder?
anxiety disorders
What antipsychotic medication is used to reduce symptoms of schizophrenia?
Dopamine
Carpal tunnel is caused by
repetitive motion
In Myasthenia gravis antibodies destroy what?
acetylcholine or its receptors
A Wheal is also called a ?
HIve
Impetigo?
a bacterial infection that primarily affects children
Warts are caused by?
HPV
Patients with risk for pressure ulcer should be turned every _ hours?
2 hours
In the treatment of Acne which vitamin should be included?
Vitamin A
ADHD treatment may include increase levels of ___ and ______ medication
dopamine
norepinephrine medication
