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Patho Final Exam > Final > Flashcards

Final Flashcards

1
Q

Pathogenesis?

A

Development of a disease

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2
Q

Sequel or Sequela

A

Aftermath of a disease

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3
Q

Etiology

A

Cause of a disease

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4
Q

Idiopathic disease

A

unknown cause

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5
Q

Congenital Disorders

A

present at birth or shortly after

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6
Q

Degenerative disorder

A

Function/structure of the affected tissue or organs progressively deteriorate overtime
ex: osteoarthritis, Alzheimers, arteriosclerosis

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7
Q

Metabolic disorder

A

Disruption of normal metabolism

ex: Diabetes, hypothyroidism, gigantism

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8
Q

Traumatic disorder

A

physical or chemical injury

ex: burns, frostbite, bone fractures

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9
Q

2 arms of Adaptive immunity?

A

Cell mediated and humoral immunity

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10
Q

Humoral Immunity

A

due to actions of antibodies, proteins produced by white cells called (B cells) provide defense agains extracellular cells

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11
Q

Cell mediated Immunity

A

Provides defense against viruses, abnormal cells and other intracellular cells. Responsible for rejecting tissue grafts and organ transplants

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12
Q

Antifungal drugs

A

target and destroy fungal walls and membranes

but can affect human cells as well

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13
Q

Rubella

A 
German measles (3 day measles) Highly contagious
Part of MMR vaccine, transmitted via respiratory droplets, airborne transmission and from pregnant mother to fetus
few or no signs or symptoms, pink/red rash, headache, loss of appetite, mild conjunctivitis, stuffy nose, joint pain
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14
Q

Osteosarcoma

A

Malignant tumor of bone, less common, grow fast, metastasize through the blood

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15
Q

Tumor markers

A

chemicals made by tumor cells which can be detected in blood, normal healthy cells produce them as well and can be significantly elevated in noncancerous conditions

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16
Q

Alleles

A

alternative forms of a gene. appear on each paired chromosome.

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17
Q

Homozygous

A

two of the same allele is inherited

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18
Q

Heterozygous

A

two alleles are different

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19
Q

Haploid

A

single set of unpaired chromosomes (23)

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20
Q

Diploid

A

two complete sets of chromosomes (46) one set from each parent

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21
Q

Cerebral Palsy

A

Congenital disorder, appears by 3 years old

impaired muscle movement, tone and posture

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22
Q

Angioplasty

A

heart stent, balloon wrapped in mesh and then inserted

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23
Q

Bypass

A

restores normal blood flow to a blocked coronary artery

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24
Q

Ablation

A

scars or destroys tissue in the heart that causes an abnormal heart rhythm

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25
Q

Defibrillator

A

device placed under the skin that monitors your heart rhythm, if an irregular rhythm is detected it delivers an electrical shock to restore normal rhythm

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26
Q

Electrocardioversion

A

electrodes placed on chest that deliver electrical shocks to restore normal heart rhythm

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27
Q

Polycythemia

A

“absolute polycythemia” increase in red blood cells, commonly seen in men between ages 40-50
ss: dizziness, headache, visual disturbance, hypertension.

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28
Q

Thalassemia

A

Most common genetic disorders in the world

inherited blood disorder which there is deficient synthesis of protein chains required for normal function of hemoglobin

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29
Q

Sickle cell anemia

A

“sickle” shaped hemoglobin, genetic disorder, if one gene is inherited heterozygous it is considered sickle cell trait. If inherited two genes one from each parent then it is called sickle cell anemia. 10% of african americans have sickle cell trait. Sickle cell crisis are painful episodes.

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30
Q

Thrombocytopenia

A

abnormally small amount of circulating platelets, most common bleeding problem among hospitalized patients. impaired production or increased destruction of platelets. Caused by chemotherapy or radiation which suppresses platelet formation by destroying bone marrow. Causes prolonged bleeding. Can usually be corrected

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31
Q

Clotting cascade

A

platelets initially plug the broken vessel, then fibrin come and help. You have fibrinogen circulating in blood, when you are injured then your body triggers prothrombin converts to thrombin, which help convert fibrinogen to fibrin. Intrinsic (workhorse) and extrinsic (spark) pathway

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32
Q

Clotting factors

A

Thrombin activates factor 5, 7,8,11,13
Factor 12 is not really needed in intrinsic pathway.
Extrinsic factor 3,7,10

33
Q

Hemophilia

A

Love to bleed
Hemophilia A = Factor 8 deficiency
Hemophilia B= Factor 9 deficiency
Hemophilia C= Factor 11 deficiency

34
Q

Oxygen Saturation rates

A

Normal rates are 90% or above, levels below 90% signify decreased lung function

35
Q

Rapid Strep test, throat culture

A

used to diagnose tonsillitis

36
Q

Pneumonia

A

is an infection that inflames the air sacs in one or both lungs. The air sacs may fill with fluid or pus (purulent material), causing cough with phlegm or pus, fever, chills, and difficulty breathing. A variety of organisms, including bacteria, viruses and fungi, can cause pneumonia

37
Q

Digestive process

A

Begins in the mouth with break down of food, saliva moistens the food and releases an enzyme to help break down starch, food then passes through the pharynx (throat) and down the esophagus to the stomach. chyme then passes through the pyloric sphincter into the small intestine, most digestion happens in the duodenum. Peristalsis propels food down the digestive track.

38
Q

volvulus

A

twisted intestine

39
Q

adhesion

A

sticking together

40
Q

intussusceptions

A

intestine telescopes into itself, usually in first 3-6 months of life

41
Q

hiatal and inguinal hernia

A

hiatal hernia: part of the stomach pushes through the diaphragm
Inguinal hernia:A condition in which soft tissue bulges through a weak point in the abdominal muscles.

42
Q

ADH (antidiuretic hormone) and Aldosterone

A

regulate water and salt in the body. ADH from posterior pituitary acts on kidney and promotes water reabsorption. Aldosterone from the adrenal gland acts on the kidney to promote sodium reabsorption

43
Q

Polyuria

A

abnormally large amount of urine production

44
Q

Dysuria

A

painful urination

45
Q

oliguria

A

low urine output

46
Q

pyelonephritis

A

Inflammation of the kidney due to a bacterial infection.

47
Q

glomuerulonephritis

A

s inflammation of the tiny filters in your kidneys (glomeruli). Glomeruli remove excess fluid, electrolytes and waste from your bloodstream and pass them into your urine. Glomerulonephritis can come on suddenly (acute) or gradually (chronic

48
Q

urethritis

A

inflammation of the urethra

49
Q

cystitis

A

An infection in any part of the urinary system, the kidneys, bladder, or urethra.

50
Q

Symptoms of kidney disease

A

oliguria, anuria, low urine volume, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, odor of ammonia on breath due to accumulation of nitrogen in the blood.

51
Q

GFR & Creatinine

A

Doctors measure the blood creatinine level as a test of kidney function. The kidneys’ ability to handle creatinine is called the creatinine clearance rate, which helps to estimate the glomerular filtration rate (GFR) – the rate of blood flow through the kidneys.

52
Q

RAAS

A

The renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) is a signaling pathway responsible for regulating the body’s blood pressure. Stimulated by low blood pressure or certain nerve impulses (e.g. in stressful situations), the kidneys release an enzyme called renin.

53
Q

Nephritic syndrome

A

there will be development of kidney lesions

54
Q

Chronic glomerulonephritis what does a CT and US reveal?

A

size, shape, location as well as related structures such as ureters and bladder. tumors, abscesses, fluid collection and infection

55
Q

Parathyroid gland regulates what?

A

Calcium and phosphate

56
Q

What is the Pancreas associated with?

A

Somatostatin, glucagon, and insulin

57
Q

What disease is the most common form of hypothyroidism?

A

Graves Disease

58
Q

In hyperthyroidism as calcium levels rise what levels fall?

A

Phosphate

59
Q

Occipital lobe is responsible for?

A

visual input

60
Q

Autonomic nervous system include?

A

enteric, sympathetic, and parasympathetic

61
Q

Bells Palsy

A

paralysis of facial muscles and is caused by inflammation of the facial nerve

62
Q

What is affected in meningitis?

A

Pia mater and arachnoid mater

63
Q

What can neutralize the toxin of tetanus?

A

immunoglobulin

64
Q

Parkinson’s disease is related to reduced levels of?

A

neurotransmitter: dopamine and norepinephrine

65
Q

What does an Otoscope allow visualization of?

A

auditory canal and tympanic membrane

66
Q

Swelling of the Otitis may perforate what?

A

Tympanic membrane

67
Q

Age hearing loss is realted to

A

Presbycusis and need for hearing aides

68
Q

Mental disorders rarely come on suddenly?

True or False

A

True

69
Q

What is the most common mental disorder?

A

anxiety disorders

70
Q

What antipsychotic medication is used to reduce symptoms of schizophrenia?

A

Dopamine

71
Q

Carpal tunnel is caused by

A

repetitive motion

72
Q

In Myasthenia gravis antibodies destroy what?

A

acetylcholine or its receptors

73
Q

A Wheal is also called a ?

A

HIve

74
Q

Impetigo?

A

a bacterial infection that primarily affects children

75
Q

Warts are caused by?

A

HPV

76
Q

Patients with risk for pressure ulcer should be turned every _ hours?

A

2 hours

77
Q

In the treatment of Acne which vitamin should be included?

A

Vitamin A

78
Q

ADHD treatment may include increase levels of ___ and ______ medication

A

dopamine

norepinephrine medication

Patho Final Exam (2 decks)

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