Final

Question 1

What are two types of organization in local government

Answer 1

• Direct citizen participation (New England town meetings)

- Representative

Question 2

What are two types of local government?

Answer 2

General and special purpose (school, water, fire)

Question 3

What are some important decisions that local governments have to make?

Answer 3

provide services, hire staff, raise revenue, determine land use

Question 4

What are the six types of power?

Answer 4

Coercive, legitimate, reward, peer-to-peer, expert, and informational

Question 5

What are the steps for accounting change (the political accounting system) outline by Morton-Genskow & Prokopy?

Answer 5

Define the problem (concrete vision, goals, desired outcomes)
Specify needed behaviors & actions
List key people & their priorities
Salience (strength & importance of the issue for stakeholders)
Power (power of each actor & group to block or implement)
Hostility-friendship relationships among key players

Question 6

What are some impacts of neoliberal policies as outlined by Flora et. al?

Answer 6

Liberate private enterprise from government rules (but also from responsibility and accountability)
Favor international trade & investments through free movements of capital, goods, & service (e.g. WTO, NAFTA)
Weaken the power of organized labor
Cut public expenditures for social services(e.g. education, health care, & welfare for the poor)
Deregulate banks & industry
Privatize services previously provided by govt. (e.g. prisons, Social Security)

Question 7

What is the Technical Assistance model of CD?

Answer 7

a problem-solving approach using an expert model
Assumptions:
•Provide what is not there & fix what is not working;
•Generally only one technical superior choice
• Experts (generally external to the community) should make decisions
•Successful development based on the achievement of a predetermined , measurable goal often using cost-benefit analysis.
Issues:
•Limited community involvement & oversight often limits success
•Single technical solutions does not optimize multiple community capitals.

Question 8

What is the Power Approach to CD?

Answer 8

organizing excluded local people to analyze their own problems & solve them
Assumptions:
•A community is “an arena of power politics moved primarily by perceived immediate self-interest” (Alinsky)
•Assumes power is never given away; it always has to be taken
•Goal-to build a people’s organizations to gain power through collective action.
•Relies more on cultural capital & outside organizer as a catalyst
Implementation:
•An outside organization enters community at request of local group
•A people’s organization is built: leadership, identified problems, goals
•Engage in collective action toward the goal
•Relies on numbers as a substitute for financial resources

Question 9

What is the Self-Help Model of CD?

Answer 9

a process based consensus oriented community development model
Assumptions:
•Community members have similar interests
•Generalized participation & democratic decision making is necessary & possible
•Community has sufficient autonomy to influence its destiny/future
Issues:
•Focuses primarily on social capital & ignores cultural, political, & financial capital
•Assumes communities are homogeneous with equal participation

Question 10

What is the Appreciative Inquiry approach to CD?

Answer 10

a development model that builds first on existing community capitals & what works/successes-not problems
Assumptions:
•Attempts to build transformative change through what works/current assets
•Involves a diversity of community participants
•Utilizes 6 iterative stages (Define, Discover, Dream, Design, Deliver, Debrief)
•Relies on coaches to complement community strengths & serve as brokers
Implementation:
•Situated in the Community Capitals Framework to assess assets
•Relies on process of engaging community members with each other for discussion, planning, implementation & monitoring

Question 11

What are the two types of social capital according to Randy Stoeker?

Answer 11

Use Value Capital: networks based on giving & trust; place-based
Exchange value capital: networks based on getting, exploiting

Question 12

What is governance?

Answer 12

mobilization of civil society
Participatory engagement
Public-private partnerships
Nested administrative structure

Question 13

What are the three major components of governance?

Answer 13

collaboration
sustained citizen engagement
regional resource leveraging

Question 14

What was citizens united

Answer 14

it restructured campaign financing, made the super PAC possible, and allowed corporations to spend unlimited funds on elections

Question 15

Glass-steagall act?

Answer 15

response to stock market crash. seperation from commercial and investment banking. kept banks from making risky investments with customer deposits`

Question 16

greatest threat to democracy?

Answer 16

inequality

Question 17

consequences of inequality (3)

Answer 17

less trust in institutions
rule breaking and costly security checks
if not providing for the majority, it can provide for no one

Question 18

what are reigh’s central question, choice, and issue?

Answer 18

who is the government for?
providing for masses or top executives
wealth distribution must be fair and equal

Question 19

Flora: three major institutional spheres and what they do

Answer 19

markets- exchange goods and services
state- serves the common good and makes markets possible
civil society- formal and informal, organization for the common good

Question 20

Water use and Owen’s Valley case

Answer 20

Los Angeles had more money and took water from the Owens valley community, whose lakes went dry as a result

Question 21

Challenges in sustainability

Answer 21

Inequality

Climate Change

Question 22

Three ways to democratize science

Answer 22

public hearings and education
transparency and fact checking
citizen science

Question 23

From the “Leap of Faith” video, identify the social psychology theory and the social reward it illustrates

Answer 23

Cooperation takes a leap of faith and relationships of trust and reciprocity. Social exchange theory

Question 24

ID and describe two legal doctrines that govern fair use of surface water

Answer 24

riparian doctrine: rights given to lands adjacent to streams

Clean Water Act: mandate treatment before wastewater is dumped into public waterways and areas

Question 25

Three components of sustainable communities

Answer 25

sustainable ecosystems
social inclusion
economic opportunity

Question 26

Three factors of community empowerment

Answer 26

public works: the activities of individuals and citizenship
science and technology: improves life and opportunity
food system: health

Question 27

Describe a social theory and its four philosophical assumptions

Answer 27

Positivism- deductive, scientific approach

ontological: reality is discoverable and unified
epistemological: through study
axiological: discovered and objective
methodological: the scientific process

Question 28

identify three theories of social justice

Answer 28

utilitarian: greatest good for greatest amount of people
rights based theories: libertarian, egalitarian
virtue theory: acquired

Question 29

What are two kinds of populism

Answer 29

authoritarian (strong leader and scapegoats) and democratic (collective action)

Question 30

What is GPI

Answer 30

genuine progress indicator: positive and negative effects, sustainability

Question 31

What are the two sources of financial capital and what percentage of each does the top 1% own

Answer 31

income (20%) and wealth (40%)`

Question 32

What are the three themes of “Saving Capitalism”

Answer 32

The myth of the free market: free for whom? what is freedom?
Myth of the meritocracy: we really don’t earn what we’re worth
countervailing power: declining bargaining power of the middle class

Question 33

What is corporate welfare/crony capitalism

Answer 33

Getting something for nothing
tax breaks
bonuses for execs
bank bailouts
cutting estate tax

Question 34

Guest: three units of local gov and three sources of funds

Answer 34

municipal water
fire department
community development

bonds
taxes
tolls

Question 35

two forms of rationality

Answer 35

formal: quantitatively decided
substantive: decided based on values