Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Biomechanics-KIN 158 > Final > Flashcards

Final Flashcards

1
Q

Mechanical Properties

A

how the body as a whole responds to loading

  • strength
  • deformation
  • stiffness
  • compliance
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Strength

A

largest load a body can withstand before failure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Deformation

A

A change in dimension-load causes deformation

ex. a rubberband has elastic deformation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Stiffness

A

Resistance to displacement or deformation
Rigidity of an object/tissue/material
=change in load/change in deformation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Compliance

A

The ‘pliability’ of an object/tissue/material
*a compliment to stiffness
=change in deformation/change in load

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Joint Stiffness

A

Joint angular displacement as a function of torque

=Change in torque/change in joint angle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Joint Stiffness Graph (walking)

A

squiggly lines

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Joint Stiffness Graph (Running)

A

Straight lines, seperated

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Limb Stiffness

A

combined effect of all involved joint (Ankle, knee, hip)
+
Whole body center of mass displacement, in combination with vertical ground reaction force (GRF)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Lower Limb Stiffness Model (Walking)

A

Inverted Pendulum Model

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Lower Limb Stiffness Model (Running)

A

Spring-mass model

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

How do you measure stiffness

A

Use the straight line of displacements instead of measuring the curve

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Gait

A

pattern of movement of limbs during locomotion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Locomotion

A

important roles in human activities, mostly walking and running

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Gait Cycle

A

single sequence from one heel strike to the next heel strike of the same limb

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Stance phase

A

when the foot is in contact with the ground(60%GC)
Heel strike-foot flat-heel rise-toe off
Initial contact-mid stance- terminal stance- pre swing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Swing phase

A

When the foot is off the ground (40%GC)

Toe off-initial swing-mid swing-terminal swing-heel strike

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Single limb support occurs…

A

from mid stance to pre-swing phase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

3 tasks of Gait Cycle

A
  1. Weight acceptance on foot once it is on the ground
  2. Support body weight on a single leg
  3. Advance swing limb in front of body
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Spatial Variables

A
  • step length
  • stride length
  • step width
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Temporal Variables

A
  • single limb support time
  • Double limb support time
  • cadence
  • speed
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Step length

A

distance between heel of one foot to the heel of the other foot

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Stride Length

A

Distance between successive point of heel contact of the same foot.
=Step length x 2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Step Width

A

distance between center lines of two feet, perpendicular to the plane of walking

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Cadence

A

=Number of steps (left&right/time

Inversely proportional to step length

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

When step length increases, cadence…

A

decreases

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Walking speed

A

walking distance/time

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Vertical GRF Graph

A

curvy M graphs with dotted line at 100% body weight

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Anterior-Posterior Graph

A

-20 to 20% body weight

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Medial-Lateral GRF Graph

A

-5-5% body weight, wiggly graph right on 0% body weight

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q 
Vertical GRF (Fy)
-equations-
A

Fy= m*(g +ay)
If ay=0 then Fy = body weight
If ay>0 then Fy Increases and Fy is > body weight
If ay<0 then Fy decreases and Fy is < body weight

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Peak Vertical GRF

A

120% of body weight

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Peak Anterior-Posterior GRF

A

20% of body weight

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Peak Medial-Lateral GRF

A

5% of body weight

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Joint Moment in Gait

A

Take a look at the GRF vector and depending on the way it’s pulling the joint will show the join moment…
ex. a GRF behind the knee will cause knee flexion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Running Gait-stance phase

A

35-39% of GC

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

Running Gait-swing phase

A

61-65% of GC

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

Faster running speed results in…

A
  • shorter gait cycle and lower percentage of stance phase.
  • No double-limb support
  • Joint angle ROM increases since running has higher ankle, knee and hip joint ROM>
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

Foot strike pattern -walking

A

rearfoot strike

40
Q

Foot strike pattern- running

A

rearfoot strike (most runners)
or forefoot or midfoot strike
-Rearfoot displays a distinct impact transient in early stance
-Forefoot has no impact transient in early stance
-Active peak vertical forces near mid stance are generally similar

41
Q

Strike patterns (Running) and injury

A

RFS has high vertical loading rates that are correlated to injuries such as tibial stress fractures
FFS has lower injury risk

42
Q

COM (walking)

A

Highest COM=Midstance due to inverted pendulum
PE is highest in midstance
KE is lowest in midtance
COM PE and KE are out of phase

43
Q

COM (running)

A

Lowest COM= midstance
PE is lowest in midstance
KE is lowest in midstance
COM PE and KE are in phase

44
Q

Foot and Ankle Complex

A
  • provides a base of support to maintain balance
  • Serves as an energy source and energy sink, is involved with energy exchanges
  • Positive work in walking/running
45
Q

Forefoot Structure

A

Forefoot-metatarsals/phalanges

46
Q

Midfoot Structure

A

Navicular, Cuboid, Three Cuneiforms

47
Q

Hindfoot Structure

A

Talus, Calcaneus

48
Q

Metatarsal-Phalangeal Joints

A

MTP Joints

  • support the body
  • provide traction
  • control the forward motion of the COM during propulsion
49
Q

Stress Fractures

A
  • result from a microtrauma to bone from
    1. uncontrolled foot landing
    2. Hard landing on the ground
    3. Improper spring of the foot action
50
Q

Foot Spring

A

Responsible for transferring forces from achilles tendon to forefoot

  • Decrease in tension in spring will increase the strain on the metatarsals
  • In terminal stance phase(push-off) the decrease in tension in the spring will shift the GRF and contact area from the toes to the metatarsals
51
Q

Ankle Sprains

A

Mostly inversion… eversion rarely happen because of longer lateral malleolus and stronger deltoid ligaments

52
Q

Knee Complex

A

Tibiofemoral Joint with 2 degrees of freedom

  1. Flexion/Extension
  2. Internal/External Rotation

Patellofemoral Joint

53
Q

Knee Injuries

A

Ligamentous sprains
Meniscal tears
Osteoarthritis

54
Q

Knee Ligament Injuries

A 
ACL
caused by:
-suddenly slowing down and changing direction 
-stopping suddenly
-receiving a direct blow to the knee
-landing awkwardly from a jump
55
Q

Patellofemoral Pain Syndrome

A

Stress is the key component cause

  • patellofemoral joint reaction force
  • contact area between patella and femur (too small)
  • Changes based on knee angle (Contact area increases as knee flexion angle increases)
56
Q

Hip Joint

A 
Ball and Socket 
3 Degrees of Freedom
F/E
I/E
AB/AD
57
Q

Sagittal Plane

A

Flexion/Extension

58
Q

Frontal Plane

A

Abduction/adduction

59
Q

Transverse Plane

A

Inversion/Eversion

60
Q

Iliofemoral Ligament

A

Extension

External Rotation

61
Q

Pubofemoral

A

Abduction
Extension
External Rotation

62
Q

Ischiofemoral

A

Internal Rotation
Extension
Adduction

63
Q

Gait Retraining for hip abnormalities

A

8 sessions mirror and verbal feedback on lower extremity alignment
1-4=15 min to 24, more feedback
5-10=30 min run time and decreased feedback

64
Q

Shoulder Complex

A

Joints:

  1. acromioclavicular joint
  2. Glenohumeral joint
  3. Sternoclavicular Joint

Articulation= scapulothoracic articulation

65
Q

Rotator Cuff

A
  • supraspinatus
  • infraspinatus
  • teres minor
  • subscapularis
  • keep the ball and socket joint in tack
66
Q

Shoulder Impingement

A
  • single most common shoulder pathology
  • rotator cuff is a common source of pain in shoulder
  • happens when the tendons in the shoulder are irritated/inflamed or degenerated from repetitive overhead motions or structural abnormalities in shoulder.
67
Q

Mobility of Shoulder

A

provides a wide range of motion, elbow as a hinge so the hands may reach in different directions

68
Q

Dexterity

A

eg. writing, play piano

69
Q

Object manipulation

A

eg. hold a bottle

70
Q

Daily life activities

A

eating, communication

71
Q

Lower Limb Function

A
  • Load carriage
  • Stability
  • Locomotion
72
Q

Amputation Stats

A
  • Over 1.6 million experienced limb amputation in US
  • 3.6 million in 2050
  • 2/3 of the amputations are lower limb
73
Q

Limb Amputation causes

A
  • Dysvascular disease (54%)
  • Trauma (45%)
  • Cancer
74
Q

Functional mobility

A
  • Lack of muscles & sensory feedback (unilateral amputees)
  • Gait asymmetries & increased use of intact limb
  • Will result in some degenerative changes, secondary impairments (knee OA in intact limb)
75
Q

Amputee Walking Gait

A

Whole body COM is moving downward- upward direction
-if trailing limb positive work decreases it will result in increased leading limb share of COM redirection, increase GRF loading in leading leg, secondary impairments

76
Q

Passive Prothesis

A
  • store & return small amounts of energy

- incapable of emulation normal ankle function

77
Q

Power Prosthesis

A
  • uses a series elastic actuator and a motor (both passive and motorized elements) to emulate ankle foot functions
  • significantly decreases intact leg peak resultant force by 2-11% during walking .75-1.5 m/s
  • decreases metabolic cost by 8% in walking at .75-1.5 m/s
78
Q

Running Prothesis

A

-Carbon Fiber prosthetic foot
compresses and then returns to normal shape as push off
-compression and decompression of the blade enable the release of energy at push off, and reduce metabolic cost of running
-“C” shaped-jogging and distance running, storing and releasing energy over time
-“J” shaped-sprinting, quick energy recovery

79
Q

Torque=

A

Force x Lever Arm

Also called a moment of force

80
Q

First Class Lever

A

Effort and Load are equal distance from fulcrum

81
Q

Second Class Lever

A

Load is before Effort (Can Take a Heavier Load)

Ex=Calf raises , push up

82
Q

Third Class Lever

A

Effort is before Load (Has larger range of motion, lower weight)
Ex=bicep curls

83
Q

velocity =

A

change in displacement/change in time

84
Q

inelastic collision

A

travel together after collision

85
Q

elastic collision

A

bounce off each or all of the KE is transferred to the other object

86
Q

Projectile Motion equations

A

Vfy=Viy+gdeltat
Yf=Viydeltat + 1/2gdeltat^2
Xf=Vix*deltat
Vxi=Vxf

87
Q

Axis of Rotation

A

A fixed point about which an object rotates

88
Q

Clockwise

A

negative

89
Q

Counterclockwise

A

positive

90
Q

Radian

A

arc length/radius

91
Q

Degrees to radians

A

pie/180

92
Q

Radians to degrees

A

180/pie

93
Q

Angular displacement (omega)

A

change in angular displacement/change in time

UNIT HAS TO BE RADIANS before multiplied by another quantity

94
Q

Shank

A

another term for the displacement in angular kinematics

95
Q

Tangential Velocity

A

r*omega

96
Q

Coefficient of Restitution

A

h= e^2*H
h =bounce height
H=drop height

97
Q

Angular Momentum =

A

Inertia x angular velocity

=mk^2*omega

Biomechanics-KIN 158 (2 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions