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Biomechanics-KIN 158 > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Biomechanics definition

A

The study of movement of living things using the science of mechanics

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2
Q

Rigid Body

A

a shape that cannot be moved or changed

a solid body in which deformation is zero or so small that can be neglected

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3
Q

Rigid Body Mechanics

A

assuming the bodies are rigid, these bodies will not deform under the action of applied forces

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4
Q

Kinematics

A

the motion

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5
Q

Kinetics

A

the cause of the motion

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6
Q

Why do we study biomechanics

A
  • to improve athletic performance
  • reduce injury risk by identifying the mechanics that resulted in the injury as well as the mechanics that came from the result of the injury
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7
Q

Ways to achieve the two goals of biomechanics

A
  1. modify movement technique

2. Equipment research and development, eg= prosthetics

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8
Q

qualitative

A

non-numeric, unstructured

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9
Q

quantitative

A

numeric, structured

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10
Q

Sagittal Plane

A

separates the left and right sides of the body

Flexion and extension occur here

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11
Q

Transverse Plane

A

Separates superior and inferior (upper half and lower half)

Internal and External rotation occur here

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12
Q

Frontal Plane or Coronal Plane

A

separates anterior and posterior; ventral and dorsal

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13
Q

Axis of Motion

A

the hinge or the pivot point around which movements occur

3 that we study are mediolateral, anteroposterior, longitudinal

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14
Q

Mediolateral Axis

A

lateral, perpendicular to the sagittal plane

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15
Q

Anteroposterior Axis

A

Perpendicular to the frontal plane

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16
Q

Longitudinal Axis

A

Perpendicular to the transverse plane

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17
Q

Flexion

A

Bending, contracting

Sagittal plane

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18
Q

Extension

A

straightening, lengthening

Sagittal plane

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19
Q

Internal Rotation

A

limb rotates toward the midline

transverse plane

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20
Q

External Rotation

A

limb rotates toward the lateral part of the body

transverse plane

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21
Q

Abduction

A

movement away from midline

frontal plane

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22
Q

Adduction

A

movement towards the midline

frontal plane

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23
Q

Radial/Ulnar deviation

A

occurs in the frontal plane, hand movements

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24
Q

Dorsiflexion

A

toes go to the sky

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25
Q

Plantar flexion

A

toes curl

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26
Q

Inversion

A

going towards midline (internal rotation)

transverse plane

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27
Q

Eversion

A

goes away from midline (external rotation)

transverse plane

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28
Q

Shoulder Joint Flexion

A

arms go above head

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29
Q

Shoulder Joint Extension

A

arms go behind body

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30
Q

Supination

A

palm up

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31
Q

Pronation

A

palm down

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32
Q

flexed vertebral column

A

bend towards knees, head down

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33
Q

extended vertebral column

A

leaning back

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34
Q

Observation in biomechanics

A 
best viewing angle
# of viewing angles
distance
# of reps
equipment
clothing and background
location
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35
Q

Evaluation

A

identify errors
evaluate errors
-cause, impact, safety

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36
Q

Instruction

A

clear communication, learning time

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37
Q

Body of kinematics

A

the object of analysis

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38
Q

System of Kinematics

A

the object of analysis that is made up of two or more bodies

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39
Q

Frame of Reference

A

perspective from which movement is described

-origin, direction

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40
Q

Postition

A

an objects location in the frame of reference

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41
Q

scalar

A

magnitude only-speed, time, volume, mass etc

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42
Q

vector

A

magnitude and spatial direction-velocity, force, displacement etc

43
Q

Velocity

A

change of position/ change in time

total displacement/total time

44
Q

acceleration

A

change in velocity/change in time
v1-v/t1-t
taken in increments/segments

45
Q

negative acceleration

A

slowing down in a positive direction

speeding up in a negative direction

46
Q

Slope of a position vs. time graph

A

average velocity: the velocity taken over the defined interval

47
Q

Instantaneous Velocity

A

velocity @ specific time and space point

48
Q

Slope of a Velocity vs Time graph

A

average acceleration

49
Q

Shaded area under the velocity line (velocity vs time graph)

A

displacement

50
Q

Vf=Vi + at

A

use if acceleration, time or a initial velocity is given or you need

51
Q

d= Vit + 1/2a^2

A

distance, velocities, accelerations and time

52
Q

d= 1/2(Vi + Vf)t

A

distance, velocities, time

53
Q

Vf^2= Vi^2 + 2ad

A

distance, acceleration, velocities

54
Q

Plane

A

smooth, flat space defined by two axes

55
Q

Planar Motion

A

any motion in said plane

56
Q

Projectile

A

any airborne body that is only subjected to gravity and wind/air resistance after it has left the ground

57
Q

Trajectory

A

the path of the projectile

58
Q

Apex

A

vertical velocity= 0 m/s

the highest point of trajectory

59
Q

Parabola

A

created by vertical and horizontal projectile

* if air resistance is not significant and no other forces acting on it then Vh is constant at each time point

60
Q

Horizontal motion

A

Affected by air resistance

61
Q

Vertical Motion

A

affected by gravity

62
Q

Gravity

A

9.81 m/s^2

if the object is traveling towards the earth then the magnitude of gravity is positive 9.81

63
Q

Final Vertical Displacement equation

A

Yf= Viy+delta time+1/2g(deltatime^2)

64
Q

Final Vertical Velocity

A

Vf=Viy + g(deltatime)

65
Q

Angular Kinematics

A

an object rotating around an axis

66
Q

clockwise motion

A

negative

67
Q

counterclockwise

A

positive

68
Q

angular position (theta)

A

how far a body is rotated form its reference

degrees or radians

69
Q

Radian

A

s/r
s= arc length
r= radius
1 radian = 180/pie, measure of the central angle whose arc length equals the radius of the circle

70
Q

degrees to radians

A

multiply by pie/180

71
Q

radians to degrees

A

multiply by 180/pie

72
Q

Angular Displacement (delta theta)

A

change in angular position b/w two time periods of interest

73
Q

Angular Velocity (W)

A

how fast a body is rotating in a particular direction
w= angular displacement/change in time
units: degrees/sec or radians/sec
convert to radians first

74
Q

Angular Acceleration (a)

A

time rate of change in angular velocity
how quickly an object is speeding up or slowing down it’s rotation in a particular direction

a= Change in angular velocity/ change in time
a= deltaW/deltat
75
Q

Arc Length (s)

A

distance b/w two points along a curve section, degrees

76
Q

Tangential Velocity (v)

A

direction of the velocity vector (v) is perpendicular to the radial axis and in the direction of the motion
v= r*w

77
Q

Force

A

a push or pull results from physical contact b/w two objects

a vector quantity

78
Q

Newtons

A

N

kg/m/s^2

79
Q

1lb= ? N

A

4.448N

80
Q

1 N = ? lbs

A

.225 lbs

81
Q

colinear force

A

forces that have the same line of action
these forces can be added together
these forces can be in opposite directions

82
Q

Vector Addition

A

tail-tip

83
Q

Internal Forces

A

tension force

compression force

84
Q

Tension Force

A

pulling forces act on the ends of an internal structure

structure is under tension

85
Q

Compression Force

A

pushing forces act on the ends on an internal structure

structure is under compression

86
Q

What happens when tension and compression forces are greater than the body?

A

the structure can not withstand the forces and therefore the structure fails, resulting in injury

87
Q

External Forces

A

Contact

Non-contact

88
Q

Contact Forces

A

ground reaction forces, forces that act on each other

89
Q

Non-Contact Forces

A

ex. gravity, air resistance, friction

90
Q

Friction

A

acts in opposition to the intended motion of the object

91
Q

Static Motion

A

the Fmax=F therefore the net force= 0

92
Q

Fmax

A

max static friction force

93
Q

First Class Lever

A

Axis of rotation is in between the effort and the load

94
Q

Second Class Lever

A

Resistance/Load force is in between the effort force and the axis

95
Q

Third Class Lever

A

Effort Force is in between the axis and the Load/Resistance force

96
Q

Static Equilibrium

A

Net force and Net Torque both equal 0

97
Q

Rigid Body Length

A

equals the radius

98
Q

rotational curve length

A

radians x radius

**convert degrees to radians (3.14/180) before multiplying by the radius

99
Q

Tangential Velocity

A

w x r

r= radius= rigid body length

100
Q

Vector Quantities

A

magnitude and direction

Force, torque, velocity

101
Q

Scalar Quantities

A

magnitude only

speed, volume, mass, time

102
Q

Slope of a position vs. time graph

A

average velocity

103
Q

Slope of velocity vs time grapsh

A

average acceleration

104
Q

instantaneous velocity

A

velocity between two designated time periods

Biomechanics-KIN 158 (2 decks)

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