FINAL Flashcards
Genetic theory
The role the genes play in influencing behaviour, genetics influence sexuality in a number of ways; hormones, sex, reproductive cycles etc.
Evolutionary Theory
Why the patterns of social behaviour and phycological mechanisms have evolved in animals
Evolution occurs by means of natural selection (survival of the fittest) • Gender differences from evolutionary processes meant to maximize reproductive fitness
• Women produce limited children, are more conservative in sexual behaviour.
• Men Can father many offspring, making their sexual behaviour less conservative, and greater sex drive.
Epidemiology
The study of disease distribution and burden across a population
Social epidemiology is often specifically concerned with social and structural states of health
Sociological Theory
Highlights the importance of social institutions such as religion and family
Sex is linked to the societal structure of power
women more susceptible to sexual stereotyping because they’re more responsive to cultural influences.
The Ecological Model
- Complex social and psychological phenomena combine to impact an individual
- Bronfenbrenner
Masters and Johnson’s- Direct observational approach
- First systematic large scale study of human sexual response in the late 1950s
- Empirical approach to sexuality
- They measures sexual response
- Everyone has the exact same pattern in phycological arousal
Kinsey’s interview based approach
- The first sex researcher to conduct large scale analytic studies of sexual behaviour in north America
- Door to door to ask-
How often do you masturbate?
Do you cheat on your partner?
What do you masturbate to? - 7 point scale -
1950s
most people range from 1-5 for mixed heterosexual and homosexual behaviour
- Door to door to ask-
Challenges in sex research
- Sampling
- Bias
- Generalization
- Validity
- Faulty estimation
- Differing interpretations of questions
Typical sex chromosomal karyotype is -
- Female= XX Male= XY
What determines sex?
- Chromosomes
- Gonad development
- Prenatal hormonal exposure
- Prenatal and neonatal
- brain differentiation
- Internal genitals
- External genital appearance
- Pubertal hormones
Sexual expression
Intersex
- 1 in 500-1000 births there may be atypical patterns of sex chromosomes (i.e. NOT XX or XY)
- Congenital conditions in which anatomical, gonadal, or chromosomal sex is atypical
- True hermaphrodites are very rare in humans (and typically used as a term to de-humanize Intersex individuals)
- Estimated 25+ different variations (Fausto-Sterling)
Sex Chromosome Variations
Turner’s Syndrome (XO)
Klinefelter’s Syndrome (XXY)
Klinefelter’s Syndrome (XXY)
- Often undiagnosed until puberty
- Klinefelter’s may show breast development, small testes, shorter than average penises, low testosterone
- Irregular hormone production that leads to stunted growth
Turner’s Syndrome (XO)
- Affecting 1 in 2500 females
- Missing second X
“monosomy”
Turner’s syndrome tend to be short, have underdeveloped breasts, and are infertile
- Missing second X
Sex Hormone Variations
Androgen Insensitivity Syndrome
Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia
Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia
- CAH individuals are exposed before birth to high levels of androgens produced by the adrenal glands Cause varying degrees of virilization in female genitals
- Condition may be diagnosed at puberty
Androgen Insensitivity Syndrome
AIS individuals have an XY karyotype but develop a female phenotype
- Mutations in the androgen – receptor genes prevent the body tissue from masculinzing to some degree
- Complete androgen insensitivity (CAIS) have female
genitals and identify as heterosexual
Gender Development in childhood 3 processes
- Detecting gender
(recognizing differences between male and female)- Having Gender
Recognizing in oneself characteristics you share with either girls or boys - Doing gender
- Having Gender
Ruble et al, 2006
- Study that gave children pictures defying or showing stereotypical images (girl baking cookies, or girls playing with trucks)
Miller et al, 2009
described girls by looks ( pretty long hair) but boys by how they act and what they do
Martin & Ruble, 2004
- Children socialized with their own gender group may have stronger attitudes about gender differences (this process is also an example of “othering”)
Menarche
typicality one of the last developmental milestones for girls after body hair and breast development
Investment theory
1 egg/28 days vs. 200 million sperm/teaspoon
- biological impulses and understandings
WOMEN ARE PRECIOUS SINCE THEY PRODUCE ONLY ONE EGG
WHR- women
· 0.7- ration + waist over hips
Known to be most fertile women
Menstrual-cycle effects
· Women prefer more masculine features wile menstruating
Role of Pheromones
· More then smell
· Arm pits - sweat from gland doesn’t smell itself, its interaction with bacteria on the body)
Research may be stunted since we don’t want to smell more private parts LMAO
Sexual selection theory
· Survival of the fittest, outperform other individuals
· The way we must socially adapt makes us more appealing and will
Sociological perspectives
· Physical patterns of attraction are largely influenced bu evolving society
· Birds of a feather flock together- Homophily, social similarities, personal characteristics
· ‘Types’- social and personal similarities and age
Proximity
· Mere-repeated-exposure effect
· Repeated exposure can influence attraction
· Proximity makes it more likely that people will be repeatedly exposed to one another and thus develop an attraction
Reciprocity and uncertainty
· We tend to like people who like us
Exception when women might be more attracted to someone they are uncertain about
A rose by another name-2006, Gardwood
§ Rated as more beautiful when they had a common name
Koesterner research - DATING
· Men tend to list their height and women their weight
· Women tend to have more photographs
· Men are more likely to showcase and sell expressive traits as a selling point- kind, loving
· Women showcase- I’m level headed and down to earth
DSM
deviant sexual behaviour
Measuring sexual orientation
Asexuality
· Low sexual desire, not low sexual arousal
Around 1% of people indicated they have never felt sexually attracted to anyone at all.
Self-identification and identity disclosure
· Process of accepting oneself and a particular sexual identity label
· Considered necessary for emotional health in Canada and the US
The triangular theory of love
· Liking, companionate love, intimacy and commitment,
Why do we have sex?
· Pleasure
· Relationships
· Connection and intimacy
Orgasm
▪ Myotonia
▪ Muscle release
Oxytocin
▪ Releases from pituitary gland
▪ “love drug”
▪ Or “cuddle hormone”
▪ Releases during orgasm
· Dopamine
▪ Neurotransmitter
▪ Circuit controls body’s response to rewards
Influences incentive and drive (looks to repeat experience
25% rule
dating within 25% up or down of our league
TSS
Traditional “sexual scripts”: Blueprints for sexual conduct
Where do we get TSS from?
Indirect and direct messages • Social context • Media • Pornography - sexually arousing art, literature, or films • Sexually explicit material
2 types of students
○ Theoretical students (sociology, phycology, critical thinking)
○ Applied (math, physics, engineering)
Fantasy
Different than thoughts or desires
• Normal healthy part of sex life
• Not always mean we want to do these behaviours -
Not indicative of your wants or needs
cunnilingus
Oral sex on a woman
fellatio
Oral sex on a man
Orgasm
Orgasm is a sexual response, not a behaviour
• It is an important element in our sexual scripts
• Often viewed as the goal of love-making and indicator of sexual satisfaction
• Often this “goal” interferes with sexual arousal and orgasm because it places so much
pressure on individuals
• Many/most women orgasm in ways other than intercourse
EDB
Extradyadic Behavior (cheating)
Polyamory
• Being involved in a romantic and sexual relationship with more than one person at a time
Polygamy
Being married to more than one person at the same time
Sexual problems fall into four main categories:
Intrapsychic
Interpersonal/relational
Cultural/psychosocial
Organic
Erectile Disorder
Difficulties may be either generalized or particular
• PDE-5 inhibitors (Viagra, Levitra, Cialis) may help
• But they do not replace subjective arousal
• One of the most common disorders in males
• Viagra- tries to prevent the loss of an erection
Premature (Early) Ejaculation
• Most common difficulty in men
• Emotional distress, lack of bodily control
• Most current definitions of “how fast is too fast” focus on felt distress
• by both partners over lack of sufficient pleasure
DSM-5 labels a man a premature ejaculator if:
○ He ejaculates within 60 seconds of penetration
○ 75% of the time for six months or more
○ This is experienced as distressful
Delayed Ejaculation
· Most underreported
· Most men with DE can orgasm alone but have trouble ejaculating
through penetrative sex
· Secondary DE may be caused by anti-depressants or anti-psychotic drugs
· Primary DE tends to be organic
· The man may be erect but not highly aroused
· Low arousal interferes with being able to achieve orgasm
primary and secondary Female Orgasmic Disorder
Primary (lifelong):
• Often related to a woman’s lack of knowledge about her own body and sexual
response
• Secondary (recent onset):
• Typically caused by use of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors or anti-psychotic medications
Anorgasmia
female persistent inability to achieve an orgasm
Genito-Pelvic Pain/Penetration Disorder
- GPPPD has two components:
- Pain or fear of pain from vaginal penetration (dyspareunia)
- Tightening of the muscles in anticipation of the pain (vaginismus)
- Recently the DSM-5 has joined the diagnosis of vaginismus and dyspareunia in the category of genito-pelvic pain/penetration disorder
- Other sources of pain include STIs, vaginal infections, vaginal dryness, and ovarian cancer
- Often physicians cannot find the source of the pain
dyspareunia
Pain or fear of pain from vaginal penetration
vaginismus
Tightening of the muscles in anticipation of the pain
Voyeuristic Disorder
- A recurrent and intense arousal from observing an unsuspecting person who is naked, disrobing, or engaging in sex
- The key to this intense arousal is the unsuspecting piece of this definition
Courtship disorder:
• A disturbance of one or more phases of developing partnered sexual activity (looking for a partner, talking to a partner, non-genital physical touching, and sexual intercourse)
Individuals lack the proper social skills to approach sex in a consenting manner
Exhibitionistic Disorder
Intense arousal from exposing one’s genitals to an unsuspecting person
• Legally called “indecent exposure” and one of the most common law-breaking sexual acts
• Far more common in men than women
• involves non-consenting people
• shock, surprise and act of power is what is sexually satisfying
Telephone Scatological
Form of verbal exhibitionism
• A person gets excited by making sexually explicit phone calls and
masturbating during or afterwards
• Some may use obscenities or even threaten to come to the victim’s home
• Some may even pose as police or sexual researchers in order to coerce the victim into talking about sexual matters
• Can be charged with sexual harassment or stalking
• shock, surprise and act of power is what is sexually satisfying
Frotteuristic Disorder
• “Frotter”: French verb meaning “to rub”
• Sexual arousal from fantasizing about or actually engaging in rubbing
against a non-consenting person
• Usually male perpetrator and female victim
• Usually occurs in crowded public areas where the perpetrator can say it was accidental
• uses the experience to masturbate later
BDSM
• Bondage and discipline (BD)
Domination and submission (DS)
Sexual Sadism Disorder
• Sadists get pleasure from inflicting pain and suffering on others
• “Sadism” comes from the Marquis de Sade, an author who wrote of
sadistic experiences
• Classified as a disorder when:
• A person inflicts pain on a non-consenting person
• A person is troubled by their own sadistic sexual urges and fantasies
Sexual Masochism Disorder
- Masochists derive intense arousal from being made to suffer, being beaten and humiliated
- “Masochism” was coined in 1886 by Richard von Krafft-Ebing, based on Sacher-Masoch’s novels about his fantasies
- Classified as a disorder when:
- The sexual urge to be hurt causes significant personal impairment or distress
Pedophilic Disorder
Pedophiles are attracted to children who are below the age of
puberty
Pedophiles categories
Classic type: prepubescent children
Hebephilic type: pubescent children
Pedohebephilic type both
Fetishistic Disorder
- Persistent and repetitive use and dependence on non-living objects or a specific body part
- E.g., leather, feet
- It is a disorder when it causes significant personal distress
- E.g., unable to function sexually without the object
Transvestic Disorder
• Not all individuals who cross-dress have a disorder
• Only those who find cross-dressing sexually arousing or are distressed by this pattern
• This fetish is usually harmless
• Men who engage in it are typically
married and educated
• Men usually start cross-dressing around 8.5 years of age
Hypersexuality
- An excessive sex drive that leads people to continually pursue sexual encounters despite negative repercussions
- Associated with other risk-taking activities like smoking, drinking, and drug use
- Hypersexuality may be related, according to some researchers, as an impulse control issue
- There is currently no DSM-5 diagnosis for “sex addiction”
Psychoanalytic theory
Paraphilias thought to arise from
castration anxiety
• Sexual abuse and early trauma may explain courtship disorders
• Behavioural theory
• Paraphilias occur through classical
conditioning
• Sexual arousal occurs with the paraphilic object and sexual arousal is accidently associated with it
Vasocongestion
genital blood flow
Epidemiology
Study Of disease distribution
IMB
he information–motivation–behavioural skills model-chosen as the focus of Canadian sex education policy
In North America, there are two primary types of sexual education programs:
Abstinence-only programs
• Comprehensive sexual health programs
Comprehensive sex-ed
Teach about both abstaining from sexual activities and learning strategies
to avoid unwanted pregnancies and STIs
• Discusses consent as well as sexual and gender diversity
CYSHHAS
Canadian Youth Sexual Health and HIV/AIDS Study
Inspiration film
The first film to contain nudity 1915
No means No assumes that..
Consent = verbal Consent = happens once Consent = can’t change Consent = ambiguity
Incels
Incels are members of an online subculture who define themselves as unable to find a romantic or sexual partner despite desiring one
mostly white, male, and heterosexual
he incel ideology has already inspired the murders of at least sixteen people.
what does MMR and PMR stand for?
Maternal mortality rate,Perinatal mortality rate
In 1869, what could be done to women if they had an abortion?
prison for life
how do hormones prevent pregnancy? 3ways
. Suppresses ovulation
• No egg released for sperm to fertilize
2. Thickens the cervical mucous
• Sperm cannot swim past the cervix to fertilize eggs
3. Thins uterine lining to, theoretically, prevent implantation
Whats the difference between combo pill and the mini pill?
Do not contain estrogen
what are the advantages of the female condom?
less susceptible to tearing
• method a woman can use herself to reduce risk of an STI
• covers more of the vulva area Disadvantages
• Awkward
• High failure rate
woman age 20 to 24 Abnormal discharge/bleeding
Lower abdominal pain, pain during sex. Treatment- Antibiotics
Chlamydia, gonorrhea,
Whats the primary stage of syphilis?
o Painless sore (chancre) develop where syphilis enters body. Often not noticeable, 3-90 days after sexual contact.
o Most likely in genital area but can be on lips and mouth. Will go away, but infection will spread.
whats the secondary stage of syphilis?
o Non-itchy rash develops 14-90 days after sexual contact. Anywhere in body but most likely chest, belly, genitals, palms of hands, soles of feet. Disappears but comes back months later
o Headache, fever, hair loss, swollen lymph nodes, bumps/patches inside the mouth, anus, penis/external genitals or vagina/internal genitals.
whats the latent stage of syphilis?
o If not treated, latent period can last up to 30 years or more.
o May not have symptoms during this time.
o Early latent: contracted within the last year, and Late latent.
T or F all bacterial STIs are treatable with antibiotics
TRUE
T or F all bacterial STIs are diagnosed with a Pap test (for women)
False- syphilis requires a blood test, gonorrhea can also use blood test
T or F all bacterial STIs can be prevented with the use of condoms (most of the time)
TRUE
When can a non-surgical abortion happen?
up to the 9th week of pregnancy
what is coitus Interruputus?
pull out method
Gender Similarities Hypothesis (Janet Hyde, 2005)
• Males and females are more similar than different on all but few variables which include certain aspects of sexuality
T or F • 80% of straight males initiate relationship, only 20% of women respond
True
The “Sick” Role
- Masculinity theorized to be part of reason for lower male life expectancy
- They are more risk taking and less likely to engage in preventative health care.
what is • Asymmetrical Criminalization ?
o Criminalize buying but not selling
o currently in ; Sweden, Norway, Iceland, France, Canada (quasi), Greenland
• Law 286.1
prohibit all communication for purposes of obtaining for consideration sexual services of person
• Law 213
prohibit stopping motor vehicle, impede free flow of pedestrian/vehicular traffic or ingress to / egress from premises adjacent to place for purposes of communicating to provide sexual services
• Law 286.2
prohibit receiving financial or other material benefit knowing it’s obtained from provision of sexual services of another person
• Law 286.3
prohibit procuring person to offer/provide sexual services
• Reverse-onus law:
anybody who lives w/ or is habitually in company of sex worker is presumed guilty unless they fall within complicated set of exceptions
o Skews representation of sex workers’ personal relationships (man = pimp)
• Law 286.4
prohibit knowingly advertising offer to provide sexual services of another person (ads, though can advertise w/o explicitly saying sex work)
T or F Poverty is number 1 reason for people entering?
True
