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225 > Final > Flashcards

Final Flashcards

1
Q

3 Domains in Woese-Fox system

A

above kingdom level: Eurkarya, Bacteria and Archaea

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2
Q

Taxonomy hierarchy

A

8: Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species

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3
Q

culture

A

observable growth in/on medium

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4
Q

media

A

liquid or solid enviro where microorganism can be inoculated

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5
Q

alpha hemolysis

A

partial hemolysis of RBC

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6
Q

beta hemolysis

A

complete hemolysis of RBC

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7
Q

gamma hemolysis

A

no hemolysis

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8
Q

bacillus arrangement

A

3: diplo b,
strepto b,
palisades (butterfly, exclusive)

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9
Q

coccus arrangement

A 
6: coccus, 
diplo c, 
strepto c, 
staphylo c *exclusive*
tetrad,  *exclusive*
sarcinae *exclusive*
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10
Q

spiral arrangement

A

always singular, 3: vibrio, spirillum and spirochete

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11
Q

vibrios

A

curved comma w/ polar flagella

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12
Q

sprillia

A

large helical w/ polar flagella

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13
Q

spirochetes

A

corkscrew without polar flagella

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14
Q

slime layer

A

thin layer loosely attached glyccocalyx (sugar coat)

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15
Q

capsule

A

thick, shell-like, firmly attached glyccocalyx (sugar coat)

eg. Streptococcus pneumonia - hard to phagocytize

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16
Q

gram stain reactions

A

gram + purple

gram - pink

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17
Q

binary fission

A

prokaryote cell division

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18
Q

mycoplasma

A

no cell wall, acid fast stain + due to waxy mycolic acid

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19
Q

chitin

A

fungi cell wall

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20
Q

cellulose

A

plant and algae cell wall

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21
Q

phospholipids

A

component of all cell membranes, 2 fatty acids, phosphate group and glycerol molecule

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22
Q

2 types hyphae

A
  1. septae - fungi and fleshy mushrooms, long filaments w/ crosswalls;
  2. coencytic - no speta, long continuous cells w/ many nuclei;
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23
Q

mycelium & 2 types

A

a mass of hyphae

  1. aerial/repro -grows above surface w/ spores;
  2. vegetative - beneath media surface (to obtain nutrients)
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24
Q

yeast fermentation

A

w/o O2 produce alcohol

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25
Q

pH

A

bacteria: 6.5-7.5

mold/yeasts: 5-6

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26
Q

budding

A

yeast repro: mitosis where one cells receives most of the cytoplasm and the smaller cell (bud) remains attached to the larger one

27
Q

Spores & sub-types

A

Mushrooms:
1. Sexual Spores - roduced by individual fungi through mitosis.
Subtypes:
A. Sporangiospores - contains saclike head, sporangium, attached to a stalk, sporangiophore.
B. Conidia/Conidiospores- are “free” spores, not enclosed by a spore-bearing sac.
C. Some fungi produce sexual spores, like that in mushrooms.

28
Q

DINOFLAGELLATES

A

unicellular planktonic algae, pathogenic to humans:

  1. red tide;
  2. paralytic shellfish poisoning (dinos eaten by mollusks are then eaten by humans)
29
Q

KELP/BROWN ALGAE

A

Protestia, large Kelp in Ocean, Algin used as thickener in ice cream also rubber tires and lotion

30
Q

RED ALGAE

A

Protestia, Deep Ocean, Agar used to thicken evaporated milk, red pigments allow blue light to be absorbed, Can photosynthesize at depth

31
Q

GREEN ALGAE

A

Plantae, micro pond scum, eg. spirogyra

32
Q

cysts

A

in adverse conditions protozoa form protective capsule, no flagella

33
Q

pseudopod

A

false foot used for movement of amoeba

34
Q

Obligate Intracellular Parasites

A

viruses -
outside host: nonliving, complex chemicals
inside host: simple, minute living microbes

35
Q

capsid/protein coat

A

virus: surrounds virus nucleic acid; virus morphology (4 groups) based on capsid, subunits called capsomeres

36
Q

viral multiplication/virus life cycle (in order)

A
  1. adsorption/attachment;
  2. penetration;
  3. synthesis;
  4. assembly/maturation;
  5. release
37
Q

spikes

A

present on some enveloped viruses

38
Q

phage lysozome

A

breaks down bacteria cell wall, attachment point for virus

39
Q

psychrophiles

A

cold loving microbes

40
Q

mesophiles

A

moderate temp loving

41
Q

thermophiles

A

heat loving microbes

42
Q

DNA nucleotide

A

1 phosphate group +1 deoxyribose sugar,
1 of 4 nitrogen bases (A,T,C,G)
- found free floating within nuclear area or within DNA molecule

43
Q

RNA types

A

3: m-RNA; t-RNA and ribosomal-RNA

44
Q

RNA nucleotide

A

1 phosphate groups/molecules

1 ribose sugar, 1 of 4 nitrogenous bases (A,U,C,G)

45
Q

Base pairings - DNA and RNA

A

DNA: A=T and C=G
RNA: A=U and C=G

46
Q

RNA polymerase

A

enzyme that “scans” the DNA molecule for a particular code or the promoter region aka “start signal” for transcription (always TAC)

47
Q

simultaneous transcription and translation

A

Only in bacteria (prokaryotic cells)

48
Q

stop/terminator codons x3

A

ATT; ATC or ACT

49
Q

MARGINATION

A

sticking of phagocytes to blood vessels as blow flow slows to infection site

50
Q

DIAPEDESIS

A

passage of phagocytes through the intact walls of endothelial cells of blood vessels to reach infected site

51
Q

OPONIZATION

A

attachment of the phagocyte to the microbe to allow easier phagocytosis

52
Q

complement

A

20 diff non specific serum proteins in blood plasma activated by presence of foreign cell; enhance lysing, inflammatory resp, improved opsonization

53
Q

interferon

A

antiviral produced by fibroblasts and lymphocytes, interfere with viral multiplication
x3: alpha, beta and gamma

54
Q

transferrins

A

iron binding proteins in blood starve bacteria

55
Q

peptidoglycan in cell walls

A

bacteria

56
Q

no peptidoglycan

A

archaea

57
Q

not sensitive to antibios

A

eukarya

58
Q

most sensitive to antibios

A

bacteria

59
Q

optimal temp for microorganisms

A

20-40 degrees C

60
Q

Pasteur

A

disproved spontaneous generation, aseptic techniques, pasteurization

61
Q

neutrophils

A

first on scene, within 1st hour

62
Q

monocytes

A

24hrs, become macrophages when leave blood and enter tissue “wandering macrophages”

63
Q

Koch

A

cattle/anthrax, postulates - microorganisms can cause disease

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