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Drug and Alcohol > Final > Flashcards

Final Flashcards

1
Q

general trend in smoking tobacco prevalence since the first Surgeon General’s report in 1964

A

More than 20 million Americans have died from smoking since release of 1964 report.
Even 50 years after the first report release, newly identify diseases caused by smoking are still found.

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2
Q

Two sources of smoke from cigarettes

A

Mainstream and sidestream

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3
Q

Sidestream

A

It is the smoke released at the end of the burning cigarettes. Sidestream smoke has higher concentration of carcinogens.

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4
Q

Mainstream

A

mainstream referes to the smoke that inhaled by smoker and exhaled into the environment.

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5
Q

Relationship between age and smoking dependence

A

Those who start earlier tend to be more dependent.

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6
Q

Why prefer e-cigarettes

A
  • Less harmful, less expensive
  • help reduce tobacco craving/withdrawal
  • reduce amount smoked and use as reduction/cessation aid
  • prevent relapse to regular cigarettes
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7
Q

harm of secondhand smoke

A
  • cause of lung cancer and heart disease
  • link to cancer, respiratory, and cardiovascular diseases.
  • to adverse effects on health of infants and children.
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8
Q

Schedule of marijuana

A

Schedule 1

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9
Q

Benefit of using marijuana

A
  • promote appetite
  • decrease nausea
  • potential anti-tumor activity
  • treatment for glaucoma
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10
Q

how much THC remain in body 1 week smoking marijuana

A

30% may remain in body a full week later and may continue to affect mental and physical functions.

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11
Q

Minnesota Marijuana Laws

A
  • minnesota’s law is the strictest in the nation
  • impose narrow restrictions upon what constitutes legal medical marijuana, where it may be obtained, and who may legally use it.
  • decriminalizes only liquid and pill extracts of marijuana plants, not leaves.
  • only form of the drug that may be smoked is vaporized plant extract.
  • even certified medical pot users cannot legally light up a joint in Minnesota.
  • only two medical marijuana operations in entire state and just eight dispensaries.
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12
Q

Differentiate THC and CBD

A

they are two active ingredients in marijuana, but CDB is non-psychoactive.

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13
Q

What is incubation process

A
  • process of unconscious recombination of thought elements that were stimulated through conscious work at one point in time, resulting in novel ideas at some later point in time
  • Substantially increases the odds of solving a problem, and benefits from long incubation periods with low cognitive workloads
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14
Q

Two important findings of cocaine

A
  • Aerobic exercise can attenuate craving for drugs of abuse and reduce escalation and reinstatement of drug seeking behavior in animal models.
  • Cocaine is an extremely addictive substance, where intermittent use actually increased cravings after a period of incubation without cocaine.
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15
Q

Which drug NIDA currently endorses aerobic exercise as a treatment

A

Tobacco/nicotine

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16
Q

Pro and con of Pharmacotherapeutic

A

Pro: effective as treatment.
Con: adverse health effect

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17
Q

Pro and con of controlled psychedelic

A

Pro: variability
Con: little to no physical health effect

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18
Q

Pro and con of aerobic exercise intervention

A

Pro: beneficial to overall physical and psychological health.
Con: unproven health effects

19
Q

Why the Dietary Supplement Health and Education Act requiring evidence of ingredient safety has not been enforced for herbal drugs

A
  • Because they are not regulated by the FDA as drugs.
  • they are not scheduled by Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA)
  • number of available supplements skyrocketed.
20
Q

Two ways that anabolic steroids work differently

A
  • do not have the same acute effects on the brain
  • do not trigger rappid increases in dopamine.
  • do not produce direct “high” instead users may experience a dopamine rush instead users may experience when lifting and weigh
21
Q

Why buyers should be cautious when purchasing herbal drugs/dietary supplements

A

Because many supplements do not actually contain much, if any, of what is listed on the outside as ingredients since there is no guidelines enforcing the “established ingredients” and they may be marketed without evidence of efficacy/safety.

22
Q

potential serious health consequences of steroid use

A
  • kidney impairments.failure
  • damage to liver
  • cardiovascular problems - increased risk of stroke and heart attack
23
Q

Purposes of melatonin use

A
  • adjust body’s internal clock
  • jetlag时差
  • adjust sleep-wake cycles in people with shift changes.
24
Q

eight central principles of harm reduction

A
  • accept, for better and or worse, that licit and illicit drug use is part of our world and choose to work to minimize its harmful effects rather than simply ignore or condemn them.
  • establishes quality of individual and community life and well-being-not necessarily cessation of all drug use-as the criteria for successful interventions and policies.
  • calls for the non-judgemental, non-coercive provision of services and resources to people who use drugs and the communities in which they live in order to assist them in reducing attendant harm.
  • Ensures that drug users and those with a history of drug use routhinely have a real voice in the creation of programs and policies designed to serve them.
25
Q

Be familiar with the JustUs Health syringe exchange program.

A
  • Provides syringe exchange and disposal in order to prevent spreading of HIV/Hep C;
  • provides education in non-coercive environment;
  • entry point for clients to access basic needs services.
26
Q

Health outcomes associated with syringe exchange programs

A
  • 54% of IDU (injection drug use) said they used a syringe service program in past year 2015.
  • HIV infections cut in half (48%) for those who inject drugs and use a SEP (special enrollment periods)
27
Q

How long can HIV survive in syringe

A

7 weeks (6 weeks)

28
Q

How long can Hep C survive in syringe

A

7 weeks (63 days)

29
Q

Evidence surrounding the influence of a syringe exchange program on drug use. What conclusion have studies drawn?

A

General rates of needle born diseases have significantly decreased and that there is a decrease in the rate of injection drug use among drug users.

30
Q

Describe narcan

A

Narcan is naloxone which is an injectable medication that prevents opioid overdose

31
Q

CDC’s new guideline for limiting opioid prescriptions and abuse

A
  • Recommending prescribers to limite initial opioid prescriptions to 7 days or less.
  • Physicians screening for signs of abuse.
32
Q

Two drugs described in Buzzed as being specifically designed to induce sleep

A
  • benzodiazepines
  • melatonin receptor agonists
  • atypical antidepressants
33
Q

Ways to reduce the likelihood of opiate dependence

A
  • refer the patients to pain doctors/clinics when patients are expected to be, or have been, on opioids for long periods of time, or are on high doses.
  • physicians should have honest discussion with the patients; even with opioids and pain killers, the patients will still feel pain; The goal is to reduce the pain to manageable level, not to eradicate pain
  • use buprenorphine to reduce the opioid craving
34
Q

ways to reduce drug overdoses

A
  • education at early ages
  • stop addiction before it starts
  • target legal opioid sources
  • promote recovery
35
Q

three elements of effective opioid addiction treatment

A
  • withdrawal management
  • counseling
  • behavioral therapy
  • pharmacotherapies
36
Q

describe flashback

A

When one is reverted back to hallucinogenic state days, months, or even years after ingestion of a hallucinogenic substance

37
Q

the effects of hallucinogens and how they differ from the effects of other drugs.

A
  • altered senses, including time - synesthesia, distorted figures, colors, sense of distance.
  • loss of control - users cannot know if the psychedelic trip is happy or not.
  • self-reflection - make the conscious unconscious
  • loss of identity and cosmic merging - loss of personal boundaries between self, others, and the world - mystical-spiritual aspect of drug experience.
38
Q

biphasic effects of alcohol

A

alcohol produces a euphoric effect it up a BAC around 0.05, but turns to a depressant dysphoria at higher levels.

39
Q

standard drink volume for beer

A

12 oz

40
Q

standard drink volume for wine

A

5 oz

41
Q

standard drink volume for malt liquor

A

8 - 9 oz

42
Q

standard drink volume for 80 proof liquor

A

1.5 oz

43
Q

attributes of societies in which alcohol is rarely abused

A
  • children are exposed to alcohol early in life in close family settings
  • parents are moderate drinkers
  • drinking is considered neither a virtue nor a write.
44
Q

proof and alcohol

A

proof is double the alcohol content, 80 proof is only 40% alcohol.

Drug and Alcohol (2 decks)

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