Final Flashcards
(44 cards)
general trend in smoking tobacco prevalence since the first Surgeon General’s report in 1964
More than 20 million Americans have died from smoking since release of 1964 report.
Even 50 years after the first report release, newly identify diseases caused by smoking are still found.
Two sources of smoke from cigarettes
Mainstream and sidestream
Sidestream
It is the smoke released at the end of the burning cigarettes. Sidestream smoke has higher concentration of carcinogens.
Mainstream
mainstream referes to the smoke that inhaled by smoker and exhaled into the environment.
Relationship between age and smoking dependence
Those who start earlier tend to be more dependent.
Why prefer e-cigarettes
- Less harmful, less expensive
- help reduce tobacco craving/withdrawal
- reduce amount smoked and use as reduction/cessation aid
- prevent relapse to regular cigarettes
harm of secondhand smoke
- cause of lung cancer and heart disease
- link to cancer, respiratory, and cardiovascular diseases.
- to adverse effects on health of infants and children.
Schedule of marijuana
Schedule 1
Benefit of using marijuana
- promote appetite
- decrease nausea
- potential anti-tumor activity
- treatment for glaucoma
how much THC remain in body 1 week smoking marijuana
30% may remain in body a full week later and may continue to affect mental and physical functions.
Minnesota Marijuana Laws
- minnesota’s law is the strictest in the nation
- impose narrow restrictions upon what constitutes legal medical marijuana, where it may be obtained, and who may legally use it.
- decriminalizes only liquid and pill extracts of marijuana plants, not leaves.
- only form of the drug that may be smoked is vaporized plant extract.
- even certified medical pot users cannot legally light up a joint in Minnesota.
- only two medical marijuana operations in entire state and just eight dispensaries.
Differentiate THC and CBD
they are two active ingredients in marijuana, but CDB is non-psychoactive.
What is incubation process
- process of unconscious recombination of thought elements that were stimulated through conscious work at one point in time, resulting in novel ideas at some later point in time
- Substantially increases the odds of solving a problem, and benefits from long incubation periods with low cognitive workloads
Two important findings of cocaine
- Aerobic exercise can attenuate craving for drugs of abuse and reduce escalation and reinstatement of drug seeking behavior in animal models.
- Cocaine is an extremely addictive substance, where intermittent use actually increased cravings after a period of incubation without cocaine.
Which drug NIDA currently endorses aerobic exercise as a treatment
Tobacco/nicotine
Pro and con of Pharmacotherapeutic
Pro: effective as treatment.
Con: adverse health effect
Pro and con of controlled psychedelic
Pro: variability
Con: little to no physical health effect
Pro and con of aerobic exercise intervention
Pro: beneficial to overall physical and psychological health.
Con: unproven health effects
Why the Dietary Supplement Health and Education Act requiring evidence of ingredient safety has not been enforced for herbal drugs
- Because they are not regulated by the FDA as drugs.
- they are not scheduled by Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA)
- number of available supplements skyrocketed.
Two ways that anabolic steroids work differently
- do not have the same acute effects on the brain
- do not trigger rappid increases in dopamine.
- do not produce direct “high” instead users may experience a dopamine rush instead users may experience when lifting and weigh
Why buyers should be cautious when purchasing herbal drugs/dietary supplements
Because many supplements do not actually contain much, if any, of what is listed on the outside as ingredients since there is no guidelines enforcing the “established ingredients” and they may be marketed without evidence of efficacy/safety.
potential serious health consequences of steroid use
- kidney impairments.failure
- damage to liver
- cardiovascular problems - increased risk of stroke and heart attack
Purposes of melatonin use
- adjust body’s internal clock
- jetlag时差
- adjust sleep-wake cycles in people with shift changes.
eight central principles of harm reduction
- accept, for better and or worse, that licit and illicit drug use is part of our world and choose to work to minimize its harmful effects rather than simply ignore or condemn them.
- establishes quality of individual and community life and well-being-not necessarily cessation of all drug use-as the criteria for successful interventions and policies.
- calls for the non-judgemental, non-coercive provision of services and resources to people who use drugs and the communities in which they live in order to assist them in reducing attendant harm.
- Ensures that drug users and those with a history of drug use routhinely have a real voice in the creation of programs and policies designed to serve them.
