Drug exam 1 Flashcards
Primary source
the original source, first-hand evidence gathered by authors. eg. peer-reviewed articles
Secondary source
describes, interpret, analysis information from other sources. eg. Textbooks, fact sheets
Tertiary source
compile or summary of secondary sources eg. Lay press
set + setting
reaction
set
an individuals’ expectation going into a drug-related experience. It’s a mental state
setting
the environment in which the experience takes place. It’s the physical or social environment.
Schedule 1
- high potential for abuse
- no current medical use
- lack of accepted safety for use under supervision.
Schedule 2
- high potential for abuse
- accepted medical use
- may lead to severe dependence
Schedule 3
- lower potential for abuse
- accepted medical use
- limited physical and psychological dependence
Schedule 4
- lower potential for abuse
- accepted medical use
- may lead to limited dependence
Schedule 5
- lowest potential for abuse
- accepted medical use
- low potential for dependence
MDMA
Schedule 1
Cocaine
Schedule 2
Heroin
Schedule 1
Marijuana
Schedule 1
anabolic steroids
Schedule 3
morphine
Schedule 2
cough suppressant
Schedule 5
APE model components
- Agent (the drug itself)
- Person
- Environment
Agent examples
- potency 效力
- dose
- purity
- administration 摄入途径
Person examples
- internal - age, sex, genetics
- external - exercise, food, sleep, set
Environment examples
- advertising/promotion
- physical context
- sociocultural context
- availability
- institutions
- legal sanctions
- key influence
- setting
brain area for executive functioning, decision making, and emotion regulation
frontal lobe
Function of frontal lobe
- executive functioning
- decision making
- emotion regulation
Functions of myeline
- prevents electrical impulses travelling through the sheath
- prevents ions move into or out of the neurone.
- it speeds up the conduction/transmission of an electrical impulses in the neurone
Four regions of the neuron
- dentrite
- cell body
- axon
- presynaptic terminals
Function of dentrite
recieve signals from other neurons
Function of the cell body
factory of neuron
provides protein for dentrites, axon, and synaptic terminals
Function of axon
the main conduction unit, transmitt information to different neurons.
Function of presynaptic terminal
transmitt signals to non-neuronal cells
Vital functions of nervous system
- circulatory system (heart, blood, vessel)
- repiratory system (breathing)
- reflex system (rapid response to the threat)
Route of administrations
- inhalation
- injection
- Mucous membranes (snorting/snuffing)
- intravous ingestion
- rubbed on skin
Slowest route of administration to brain
ingesting
Fastest route of administration to brain
intravenous injection
Most abuse potential administration
intravous ingestion
Agonist
Drug bind to a receptor and activate it
Antagonist
Drug bind to a receptor and not activate it. It keeps other molecules from the receptor to prevent normal process from happening.
Affinity
The ability of a drug to combine with a receptor and produce an effect.
Example of affinity
LSD can bind the receptor tightly, so very little is needed to cause hallucinogen.
Efficacy
maximum effect a drug can produce regardless of dose
Example of efficacy
Both aspirin and morphine assist on pain relief, but aspirin has less efficacy for this action.
How does drug influence neurons
- mainly affect presynaptic terminal or postsynaptic terminal
- produce more or fewer neurotransmitter
- produce more or fewer neurotransmitter receptors
- produce more or fewer blockers to receptor
Addiction
a chronic and relapsing brain disease that is compulsive and competitive drug seeking and use, despite harmful results.
Physical dependence
it occurs when one’s body develops and tolerant to the drug and experiences withdrawal when use stops.
Key neuron involved in the reward and pleasure system
Dopamine
Define tolerance
- adapt to the drug and our reaction to the drug is progressively reduced
- the concentration of drug need to raise
Define Withdrawal
- when we remove or reduce the drug, body needs to adapt again
- many negative physical and mental symptoms
- flip side of tolerance
Why addiction is brain disease?
Because drug changes the structure of brain and how it works
Severity of AUD
Mild, moderate, severe
Mild
2-3 symptoms
moderate
4-5 symptoms
severe
over 6 symptoms
comorbidity of mental health disorders and substance use disorders
- self-medication
- causal effect
- common or correlated risk factors
Self-medication
use drug to treat/relieve mental illness
Causal effect
drug use results in mental illness
Collapse/correlated reasons
experiences increases the risk of both drug use and mental illness
four major diagnostic changes made with DSM-5
- impaired control
- social impairment
- ricky use
- pharmachological criteria.
three characteristics of Disenfranchised Grief
- social stigma - embarrassment on the part of bereaved because loss is unsanctioned. / secrecy
- grief not expressed at the proper time - emotions are restrained, stifled, or frustrated. / grief delayed because of hostile reactions of the expression
- emotional problems - the disenfranchised grief may lead to the exaageration of the emotion
Earliest time to introduce prevention
intervene should be introduced as early as infancy to adress risk factors for drug abuse such as aggressive behavior or poor social skills.
Universal prevention program
It includes the strategies of prevention that are delivered to broad population without consideration of individual differences in risk substance abuse.
Eg. Lion’s request, Caring School Community
Selective prevention program
it includes the programs and practices that are targeted to one or more sub-groups of the population which is identified the substance abuse risk.
Eg. Early steps, family check-up. Programs towards no drug abuse
Indicated prevention program
it is the intervene aimed at individuals who have identified the risk of substance abuse.
Eg. Brief Alcohol Screening and Intervention for College Students.
Primary prevention
prevention
Secondery prevention
intervene
Tertiary prevention
treatment
protective factors shown to prevent substance use and abuse fundamentally relate to what?
the attachment that develops in individual who are attached to prosocial families, friends, schools, communities. Prosocial is the volunteer behavior that benefit others.
