Final

Question 1

measurement in which numbers are assigned to objects or classes of objects solely for the purpose of identification

Answer 1

nominal scale

Question 2

measurement in which numbers are assigned to data on the basis of some order (e.g. more than, greater than) of the objects

Answer 2

ordinal scale

Question 3

a commonly used expression for nominal and ordinal measures

Answer 3

categorical measures

Question 4

multivariate continuous; used to understand the relationship between variables, specifically the degree of linear association; the coefficient captures both the direction and strength of the linear relationship (positive vs negative; strong or weak relationship)

Answer 4

correlation

Question 5

comparing the means of one continuous variable (IV) to one categorical variable (DV); commonly used to determine whether two groups differ on some characteristic assessed on a continuous measure (ex: Did those who used circuit training visit the AFC more regularly than those who didn’t? DV = # of visits [continuous] IV = whether he used training or not [categorical])

Answer 5

F-Test/ANOVA

Question 6

measurement in which the assigned numbers legitimately allow the comparison of the size of the differences among and between members

Answer 6

interval scale

Question 7

measurement that has a natural, or absolute, zero and therefore allows the comparison of absolute magnitudes of the numbers

Answer 7

ratio scale

Question 8

a count of the number of cases that fall into each category when the categories are based on one variable; you can produce frequencies for any variable in the study

Answer 8

frequency analysis

Question 9

a projection of the range within which a population parameter will lie at a given level of confidence, based on a statistic obtained from a probabilistic sample

Answer 9

confidence interval

Question 10

a commonly used expression for interval and ratio measures

Answer 10

continuous measures

Question 11

statistics that describe the distribution of responses on a variable; the most commonly used descriptive statistics are the mean and standard deviation

Answer 11

descriptive statistics

Question 12

the arithmetic average value of the responses on a variable; Issues: only meaningful for continuous variables, the more specific the mean is the less helpful it may be (spurious precision), and extreme outliers may mess with the mean

Answer 12

sample mean

Question 13

a measure of the variation of responses on a variable; the standard deviation is the square root of the calculated variance on a variable; similar issues to sample mean

Answer 13

sample standard deviation

Question 14

the acceptable level of error selected by the researcher, usually set at 0.05%; the level of error refers to the probability of rejecting the null hypothesis when it is actually true for the population

Answer 14

significance level (α)

Question 15

the probability of obtaining a given result if in fact the null hypothesis were true in the population; a result is regarded as statistically significant if the p-value is less than the chosen significance level of the test

Answer 15

p-value

Question 16

a statistical test to determine whether some observed pattern of frequencies corresponds to an expected pattern

Answer 16

chi-square goodness-of-fit test

Question 17

a multivariate technique used for studying the relationship between two or more categorical variable; the technique considers the joint distribution of sample elements across variables

Answer 17

cross tabulation

Question 18

a statistic that indicate the degree of linear association between two continuous variables; the correlation coefficient can range from -1 to +1

Answer 18

pearson product-moment correlation coefficient

Question 19

a statistical technique used to derive an equation representing the influence of a single (simple regression) or multiple (multiple regression) independent variables on a continuous dependent, or outcome, variable

Answer 19

regression analysis

Question 20

also called coefficient of multiple determination; a measure representing the relative proportion of the total variation in the dependent variable that can be explained or accounted for by the fitted regression equation; when there is only one predictor variable, this value is referred to as the coefficient of determination

Answer 20

R-squared

Question 21

categorical/univariate

Answer 21

frequency analysis

Question 22

categorical/multivariate

Answer 22

chi-square test (cross tabulation), t-test, or f-test (ANOVA)

Question 23

continuous/univariate

Answer 23

descriptive statistics

Question 24

continuous/multivariate

Answer 24

correlation analysis or regression analysis