Final Flashcards
measurement in which numbers are assigned to objects or classes of objects solely for the purpose of identification
nominal scale
measurement in which numbers are assigned to data on the basis of some order (e.g. more than, greater than) of the objects
ordinal scale
a commonly used expression for nominal and ordinal measures
categorical measures
multivariate continuous; used to understand the relationship between variables, specifically the degree of linear association; the coefficient captures both the direction and strength of the linear relationship (positive vs negative; strong or weak relationship)
correlation
comparing the means of one continuous variable (IV) to one categorical variable (DV); commonly used to determine whether two groups differ on some characteristic assessed on a continuous measure (ex: Did those who used circuit training visit the AFC more regularly than those who didn’t? DV = # of visits [continuous] IV = whether he used training or not [categorical])
F-Test/ANOVA
measurement in which the assigned numbers legitimately allow the comparison of the size of the differences among and between members
interval scale
measurement that has a natural, or absolute, zero and therefore allows the comparison of absolute magnitudes of the numbers
ratio scale
a count of the number of cases that fall into each category when the categories are based on one variable; you can produce frequencies for any variable in the study
frequency analysis
a projection of the range within which a population parameter will lie at a given level of confidence, based on a statistic obtained from a probabilistic sample
confidence interval
a commonly used expression for interval and ratio measures
continuous measures
statistics that describe the distribution of responses on a variable; the most commonly used descriptive statistics are the mean and standard deviation
descriptive statistics
the arithmetic average value of the responses on a variable; Issues: only meaningful for continuous variables, the more specific the mean is the less helpful it may be (spurious precision), and extreme outliers may mess with the mean
sample mean
a measure of the variation of responses on a variable; the standard deviation is the square root of the calculated variance on a variable; similar issues to sample mean
sample standard deviation
the acceptable level of error selected by the researcher, usually set at 0.05%; the level of error refers to the probability of rejecting the null hypothesis when it is actually true for the population
significance level (α)
the probability of obtaining a given result if in fact the null hypothesis were true in the population; a result is regarded as statistically significant if the p-value is less than the chosen significance level of the test
p-value
a statistical test to determine whether some observed pattern of frequencies corresponds to an expected pattern
chi-square goodness-of-fit test
a multivariate technique used for studying the relationship between two or more categorical variable; the technique considers the joint distribution of sample elements across variables
cross tabulation
a statistic that indicate the degree of linear association between two continuous variables; the correlation coefficient can range from -1 to +1
pearson product-moment correlation coefficient
a statistical technique used to derive an equation representing the influence of a single (simple regression) or multiple (multiple regression) independent variables on a continuous dependent, or outcome, variable
regression analysis
also called coefficient of multiple determination; a measure representing the relative proportion of the total variation in the dependent variable that can be explained or accounted for by the fitted regression equation; when there is only one predictor variable, this value is referred to as the coefficient of determination
R-squared
categorical/univariate
frequency analysis
categorical/multivariate
chi-square test (cross tabulation), t-test, or f-test (ANOVA)
continuous/univariate
descriptive statistics
continuous/multivariate
correlation analysis or regression analysis