Final Flashcards
What is the direct instruction approach? (Schools, 10)
It’s the most commonly used approach in schools today; programs are teacher-centred with hgh academic expectancies from students and an expected mastery of academic skills.
What is the constructivist approach to schooling and possible changes to be made? (10)
It is a learner-centred approach which emphasizes teachers being used as guides as opposed to masters of education; children are encouraged to explore the world, engage in activities that interest them all with the direction of a teacher.
What is the cognitive constructionist, or Piaget, theory of educating students? (10)
The appproach emphasizes the cognitive construction of knowledge and education with teachers providing support.
What is the social constructivist approach to education? (10)
Vygotsky; stressed the importance of proximal learning, or the collaboration of minds to produce knowledge and understanding. Puts the learner, not the teacher, at the centre of the education.
Cognitive constructivist theory is ____ as to social constructivism is to ___
Piaget; Vygotsky
What is NCLB? (10)
A federal legislation implemented in 2002 which holds schools and districts accountable for their students education.
What are some criticisms of NCLB? (10)
Questions that are measurable by multiple choice limit the opportunity to explore different kinds of intelligence and knowledge that my be prevalent in other students. Teachers are spending too much time in class teaching to the test.
Why can the transitipon from middle to high school be drastic? (10)
Puberty; different sets of peers; impersonal school environment; formal operational thought and responsibility and indepedence.
What did the Carnegie Council on Adolescent Development suggest in 1989?
Targeting students health and fitness; a better and improved curricula; involving parents and community leaders as well as lowering the student-to-counselor ratio.
What are some causes for “dropping out” of school? (10)
Socioeconomic status; school-related issues (expelled, not enjoying it); economic reasons (working to support the family); other peers dropping out; and personal reasons (such as teen pregnancies).
What are ways to improve the drop-out situation? (10)
Taking a proactive approach to addressing peoples need; providing options for students to pursue wants and interests; create positive and caring relationships with workers and operate on a block, organized schedule.
What is the difficulty of post-post-secondary graduation? (10)
Students have difficulty finding jobs after they complete their degree; typically provides student with theory and general skills as opposed to vocationally specific skills which leads students to be poorly prepared. Several job changes aren’t unusual
What are the social contexts of junior high or middle schools?
There is a greater mix of male and female teachers; the scope of school is far more broad; social interaction expands beyond the classroom and students interact with more peers of seperate ages and ethnicities.
What are three strategies of classroom management? (10)
Authoritative, authoritarian, and permissive.
What are authoritative teachers? (10)
Encourage students to be independent thinkers and doers but still involves effective monitoring. They engage students in give-and-take behaviour and classroom interaction but regardless still set limits. These clarify rules and regulations for students to abide by. Positive effects have been noted from the teaching by an authoritative teacher.
What are authoritarian teachers? (10)
Teachers that are extremely strict with little to no verbal exchange with students and are primarily focused on creating order within a classroom. These tend to have negative effects on students.
What are permissive teachers? (10)
Teachers that offer considerable freedom but provide little support for the development of skills for students. Students tend to have low academic achievement and poor self-control.
How does parental involvement play into the education of adolescents? (10)
Teachers stress that parental involvement is a huge part of increasing academic achievement. Schools have an obligation to communicate with families, and effective family management practices are positively related to an increase in productivity within schools.
Who are the three main roles in bullying? (10)
The bully, who is typically a victim of bullying themselves; victim (most likely to be younger, socially withdrawn boys) and bystanders who are either defenders or outsiders.
What are the short and long term effects of
Short term effects include depression, suicide, loss of interest in school work, absenteeism, and long term effects include bully-criminal convictions, more depression and lower self-esteem.
You’re a counselor developing a new way to prevent bullying within your school. What approach should you take and what areas should you target? (10)
Teach older peers responsibility and to intervene when they witness it taking place. Moreover, develop school-wide rules and sanctions against bullying and post them throughout the school. Form friendship groups for adolescents who are regularly bullied. Identify bullies early and use social skills to disarm them and improve their behaviour. Become involved in school programs.
How does socioeconomic status (SES) have an affect on education for adolescents? (10)
Parents are unable to assist their children in the learning experience. Malnutrition affects their behaviour and crime and violence may be a part of their life.
How does ethnicity affect a student’s educational experience? (10)
Jigsaw classroom to encourage diversity; encourage personal contact; reinforce critical thinking and emotional intelligence; be a competent cultural mediator.
What is ADHD, and what are it’s characteristics? (10)
Inattentiveness is difficulty focusing on any one thing and becoming bored quickly. Hyperactiveness is high levels of physical activity, seeming to always be in motion. Impulsiveness is self-explanatory.
What are three characteristics of students who are gifted? (10)
Precocity is the able to master an area earlier and more effortlessly. Gifted children will often march to their own drummer and need less support from others in their field. The need to master a particular field is also a element of a gifted child.
What is the top-dog phenom? (10)
The circumstance of moving from a position of power or strength (i.e. grade 5 elementary class) to a position of weakness or non-status (i.e. grade 9 high school class).
What are the two achievement processes? (11)
Intrinsic motivation - inner motivation by pursuit of self-satisfaction, challenge and effort - and extrinsic motivation which is motivated by external factors, such as rewards.
What are the three views of intrinsic motivation? (11)
Self-determination and personal choice; optimal experiences and flow (the state of enjoyment from concentrating on a task they have mastered) and cognitive engagement and self-responsibility.
What are the two seperate stages of interest? (11)
Individual interest has found to be relatively stable. Situational interest is believed to have generated from specific aspects of a task activity.
What is cognitive engagement and responsibility proposed by Blumenfeld? (11)
Emphasizes the importance of creating learning environemnts that encourage students to become cognitively engaged and to take responsibility for their learning.
What is attribution theory? (11)
AT states that individuals are motivated to discover their underlying causes of their own performance and behaviour. Attributions are perceived causes of outcomes.
What are ways of resolving issues within attribution theory? (11)
Focusing programs on attributing poor performances to lack of intrinsic motivation rather than external factors and working towards improving the formers qualities.
What are the three types of achievement orientation? (11)
Mastery, performance and helpless.
What is the mastery motivation mindset? (11)
Individuals focus on the task rather then the ability, formulate solution-oriented strategies and have a positive affect. Mastery motivation mindset has been positively linked with instrinsic motivation.
What is performance orientation? (11)
Focused on the outcomes as opposed to understanding the relevance of the situation. Closely related to extrinsic motivation.
