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ZOO 3700 > Final > Flashcards

Final Flashcards

1
Q

Prey can thwart the efforts of predators in 3 ways

A

maximizing search time, maximizing handling time, diluting nutrient effectiveness / toxic and noxious compounds

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2
Q

Prey maximizes search time by

A

hiding, crypsis, mimicry

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3
Q

Prey maximizes handling time by

A

defensive weaponry, armour, shapes

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4
Q

Prey signal that they are of low nutrient value / have toxic noxious compounds via

A

aposematic signalling

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5
Q

Grazers and Browsers (searchers)

A

mobile, feed on nutrient-poor foods, often possess specializations of the mouth to most efficiently feed on low quality foods, ecologically important

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6
Q

Coevolution between plants and insects: advantages and disadvantages

A

biological arms race

advantages: little competition for food source, incorporate defence mechanisms of prey into own defence system
disadvantages: threatened if food source compromised

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7
Q

3 ways to gain nutrient material from indigestible polymers like cellulose and lignin

A

symbiosis adaptations, mechanism disruption through morphological adaptation, use of specific enzyme activities

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8
Q

Pogonophoran worms display symbiosis adaptations

A

specialized symbiosis with chemosynthetic bacteria that thrive near thermal vents (high sulfur, no light) – do not possess gut or feeding structures, bacteria only source of nutrients

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9
Q

symbionts undergo photosynthetic activity

A

production of sugars (maltose and glycerol) that are energetically rich, production of oxygen (very reactive, and additional production of hydrogen peroxides which are also very reactive – both lead to the formation of free radicals)

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10
Q

stress and symbionts

A

symbionts under stress release these reactive compounds at a higher frequency and may be of detriment to the host (eg. result in coral bleaching)

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11
Q

specialized adaptation in the grazer/browser

A

overcome challenges of the prey item, and may allow the grazer/browser to use the challenge of the prey item to its own benefit

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12
Q

grazer browser incorporation in nudibranchs

A

nudibranchs incorporate prey (cnidarian) nematocysts into epidermal structure (cerata – part of digestive system)

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13
Q

grazer browser specialization in sea urchin

A

Aristotle’s lantern highly efficient jaw-like structure to bite through kelp

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14
Q

grazer browser symbiosis in termites

A

endosymbiosis between protist (Trichonympha) and bacteria (in protist) to break down cellulose in gut

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15
Q

terpenoids

A

hormone-like compounds produced by plant species like cedar and pine tress

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16
Q

insects and terpenoids

A

insects have evolved to detect terpenoids using receptors, incorporate into metamorphosis and moulting processes as powerful signalling molecules

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17
Q

sawfly larvae

A

release gas when heads lifts which contains a volatile compound incorporated from plant food source

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18
Q

monarch butterfly

A

overcome mechanical defence (latex glycosides – difficult to digest, tase aversion), overcome chemical defence (toxic alkaloids) of milkweed plants to make themselves unpalatable

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19
Q

predator insects like the monarch, tardigrade, cicada, and aphid possess

A

specialized feeding structure (stylets) to pierce the phloem (transport sugar) of plant food source directly

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20
Q

cicada and phloem

A

used for cooling, stylet specialized structure not just for nutrient material

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21
Q

High CO2 compromises

A

compromises calcification by reducing availability of carbonate ions and by dissolving existing calcium carbonate structures – energy is required to combat this problem

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22
Q

High CO2 disturbs

A

disturbs acid-base balance by increasing CO2 in body fluids and tissues – energy is required to combat this problem

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23
Q

minimize capture by hunters

A

by increasing predator foraging and/or capturing time

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24
Q

groups and minimizing capture by hunters

A

better capacity to ward off predators with the release of toxins, faster detection and response to predators, confuse predators

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25
Q

invertebrate feeding behavioural consideration summarized in

A

Optimal Foraging Theory

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26
Q

Optimal Foraging Theory is strongly influenced by

A

trade-offs in decision-making economics, but rationality ≠ fitness

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27
Q

Optimal Foraging Theory

A

maximize energy input to increase fitness

profitability (P) = energy intake (E) / time (T)

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28
Q

Profitability in Optimal Foraging Theory based on factors like

A

travel time, handling time, nutritional value, capacity, access

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29
Q

Optimal Foraging Theory and prey size

A

crabs: small mussels are less profitable, large mussels are more profitable but harder to open
in suboptimal conditions, crabs will feed on sub-optimal mussels under food-restricted conditions

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30
Q

Optimal Foraging Theory and travel time between prey

A

P1 • travel time, variable
P2 • foraging time, variable
shallower slope indicates longer travel time and/or handling time
saturation point • stop eating – impacted by efficiency of food handling, nutrition, etc.

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31
Q

Optimal Foraging Theory model assumes

A

assumes need to feed, but how motivated are they to feed?

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32
Q

parasites

A

special type of hunter, usually much smaller than host, develop inside or outside host (some life stages more closely associated than others)

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33
Q

microparasites

A

multiple within host, immune system of host regulates parasitic load eg. malaria, Giardia

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34
Q

macroparasites

A

multiple outside of host eg. ticks. flatworms, roundworms

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35
Q

endoparasites

A

live inside cells, ecologically specialized in reproduction (synced with host), resource exploitation (tap into mitochondria), usually not very mobile (rely on cell cycle to transmit themselves), high reproductive output (highly dispersed)

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36
Q

evolutionary arms race between host genotype and parasite genotype

A

evolution of resistance to parasite – immune system combats parasites, involves strong fitness consequences
evolution to overcome resistance of host – strong selection of rare alleles in parasite following host immune response

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37
Q

host immune response carries memories of antigens so

A

parasites must chance their surface properties – arms race on the level of the immune system

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38
Q

host survival reduced

A

directly dependent on parasite load

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39
Q

host sublethal effects

A

in which case host genes are propagated in the next generation to continue to fight parasitic infection – life history traits shaped by parasites: affects age at maturity, fecundity, population growth rate – because energy is invested in immune response

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40
Q

host serves as parasite ecosystem

A

density-dependent intra-species and inter-species parasite competition of resources often resulting in resource exploitation through specialization, immune response of host exerts bottom-up control

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41
Q

In order to understand flight you need to understand how flight

A

impacts the medium around them

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42
Q

forces involved in flight

A

weight, drag, lift (perpendicular to drag but not necessarily perpendicular to movement), thrust (produced by flight)

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43
Q

wings beat using

A

a spinning movement (more helicopter than flapping)

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44
Q

wings create

A

vortices which create a lift force on the leading edge of the wind

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45
Q

Reynold’s number depends less on ____ and more on how quickly ________

A

Reynold’s number depends less on speed and more on how quickly wings beat

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46
Q

Reynold’s number, size, flight.

A

Proportionately more energy is required the smaller an insect is to produce life and combat drag

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47
Q

direct flight muscles

A

paleoptera (dragonflies and mayflies), many extinct species • cannot fold wing over abdomen, muscle attachment directly to wings, synchronous contraction to AP

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48
Q

indirect flight muscles

A

all other living insect groups (derived feature) • can fold wings over abdomen, muscle attachment indirect to wings, muscles attached at thorax, asynchronous contraction to AP (consequence of indirect flight muscles (co-occurrence) perhaps as insects got smaller (given smaller Re)).

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49
Q

using a variety of markers for musculature to determine specific role in flight, fruit fly has how many pairs of steering muscles?

A

13 pairs of steering muscles

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50
Q

locusts fly long distances by using

A

low thrust and little lift (low energy) to maximize efficiency

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51
Q

halteres

A

mechanoreceptors to increase stability that oscillate during flight, modified hind wings

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52
Q

de-activate halteres to resort back to 4 wings

A

de-activate ultrabithorax (Hox gene) to resort back to 4 wings

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53
Q

hawkmoth

A

able to hover really well, possesses large antennae instead of halteres, removal study: unable to hover, once re-attached the nerves partially regenerate and some stability restored

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54
Q

not all legs are used equally, so how many legs do you really need?

A

3 - Tripod model - to optimize stability, keep one limb on the ground at all times.

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55
Q

walking – 2 traits decrease with speed

A

percent support phase per stride, percent stability

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56
Q

trade-off in walking between?

A

stability and speed – what trait is more important in the given habitat?

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57
Q

legged locomotion has evolved how many time in arthropods?

A

3 times – crustaceans, chelicerates, hexapods

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58
Q

ballistic phase

A

airborne for a brief period of time eg. cockroach

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59
Q

undulatory gate

A

use body musculature to increase speed by undulating eg. myriapod – solves constraint between speed and stability

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60
Q

locomotion with tube feet

A

sea stars and echinoderms • use hydrostatic pressure and longitudinal musculature

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61
Q

increased size of sea star doe not correspond to increased speed because

A

selection acts strongly on the tube feet themselves – cannot be faster by adding more tube feet, need to modify tube feet themselves

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62
Q

behavioural mechanism independent of biomechanics

A

octopus swimming vs walking vs on land

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63
Q

crawling locomotion

A

hydrostatic pressure changes, pumping of hemolymph pro-legs “inflatable” eg. leeches and caterpillars

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64
Q

super-contraction in invertebrates

A

perforated Z-line
70-80% overlap in myofilaments in invertebrates
50% overlap in myofilaments in vertebrates

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65
Q

insect muscles have more of what type of myofilament?

A

actin

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66
Q

power in insect muscle vs vertebrate

A

originally thought to be more power in insect muscle, but when scaled, not much difference

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67
Q

swimming • Re determines how much, Re is more relevant in water because

A

drag, because water is more viscous

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68
Q

4 forces in swimming

A

thrust, drag, lift/buoyancy, gravity

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69
Q

swimming in low Re

A

viscosity dominates • cilia and flagella, power and recovery strokes

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70
Q

in exception to ctenophores, cilia is used for feeding only in

A

larger organisms – based on Re number, ctenophores could use a different structure for locomotion but retain cilia – use combs or ctenes (bundles of coordinated cilia) to overcome physical constraints associated with using cilia at their larger size

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71
Q

swimming in high Re

A

inertia dominates • use momentum to limit energy expenditure

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72
Q

jet propulsion in molluscs like the squid

A

mantle contractions (via heavily innervated and muscular collar structure) expels water at a high velocity out of funnel – more efficient to have separate water in and water out structures – more efficient than flapping (fins for finer movements)

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73
Q

jet propulsion in young cephalopods (paralarvae)

A

in the planktonic stages use the same jet propulsion mechanisms but must pump water constantly because viscosity dominates in this life history stage, small and slow paralarvae, no metamorphosis, behavioural changes associated with life history stages

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74
Q

minimal mantle width is

A

inversely related to velocity

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75
Q

jet frequency is

A

directly related to velocity

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76
Q

jet propulsion in amphioxus (lancelets)

A

via propagating waves (wiggly) using differential muscle contractions – similar movement in fish and tetrapods so likely heavily contributed to the evolution of tetrapod movement

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77
Q

amphioxus (lancelets) cilia

A

ciliated cells reduced in ontogeny which is closely associated with changes in locomotory mode – adult, cilia only used for feeding and excretory mechanisms

78
Q

larval and adult life stages movement in amphioxus (lancelet) produces distinct difference in fields exerted on the water

A

larva • ciliated mode, laminar flow, slow, energetically efficient
adult •undulating mode, less laminar, fast, greater energy expenditure (but greater capacity to take up energy)

79
Q

jet propulsion in swimming sea cucumber

A

to stay suspended

80
Q

sensing and responding requires 2 interdependent components

A

neurobiology (information processing), behaviour (response)

81
Q

receptors are structurally comparable but differ in innervation

A

photoreceptors, mechanoreceptors, chemoreceptors

82
Q

photoreceptors – many animals can detect UVA and UVB light

A

300-400 nm

83
Q

photoreceptors – many insects can detect IR light

A

700-800 nm

84
Q

wavelength is inversely related to

A

energy

85
Q

wavelength is directly related to

A

penetrance

86
Q

animals possess receptors of different capabilities at different depths in the water column because

A

water acts as a wavelength filter

87
Q

eyes evolved how many time

A

50-100 times independently, relatively quickly (~100,000 years) meaning the basic requirement of the eye (opsin) already existed

88
Q

basic requirement of the eye

A

opsins • conserved group of proteins that may have a single origin, evolved a much longer time ago and over a longer period of time than eyes, transmembrane proteins, possess chromophores

89
Q

opsins possess chromophores

A

convert electromagnetic energy to chemical energy

90
Q

3 types of eyes

A

simple eyes, more complex eyes, compound eyes

91
Q

simple eyes

A

ocelli • pigment cups, no lens structure, unable to focus light, Daphnia nauplius

92
Q

more complex eyes

A

pinhole eyes, camera eyes

93
Q

pinhole eyes

A

no lens structure, unable to focus light, produces dark images and soft-edged images, parallel rays of light pass through pinhole and interact with retina, evidence in Nautilus and ammonites, further evidence of pinhole eye diversification so must be adaptive

94
Q

camera eyes

A

lens structure, able to focus light, less waste of light: larger opening and ability to focus light so much higher sensitivity in lower light conditions, focal plane defined by lens shape: must modify lens shape to interpret/focus different depths

95
Q

squid and octopus have camera eyes

A

high resolution (based on density of photoreceptors, >20 million), but lesser than human (100-200 million) – but clear convergence of eyes system in lineages separated by hundred of millions of years, octopus eye has an extremely developed optic ganglion

96
Q

“compound eyes”

A

jumping spiders • possess ocelli (no lenses) so neurologically connect 2 pairs of eyes to establish depth of field – front pair detect prey in high focus, side pair direct eyes where to focus using broader view
sea urchin tube feet • possess opsins (no lenses) so neurologically connects pairs of eyes to establish depth? – opsins belong to a family of proteins not exclusive to light sensitivity, study found no shielding pigments like carotenoids so tube feet opsins must either interpret ‘raw’ light or have a different mechanism –spines act as a different mechanism: create a shading pattern as they actively move as if each tube foots acts as a unit in a compound eye

97
Q

true compound eyes

A

resolution determined by the number of ommatidia, involves complex sensory processing in the brain, ability to view different directions at the same time

98
Q

trade-off in true compound eyes, crayfish

A

focus vs visual field

99
Q

true compound eyes in crayfish and stomatopods

A

crayfish: rhabdome: translucent cylinder forming part of light-sensitive receptor in the eye of an arthropod, composed of rhabdomeres, harder to resolve but broadens view and increases light sensitivity
stomatopods (mantis shrimp): 16 distinct eye pigments (huge range of wavelength sensitivity), colour filters (narrow wavelength to accommodate to appropriate pigments receptor, can see polarized light (increase in contrast for hunting), take advantage of broad light environment, useful for speed and precision in hunting

100
Q

chromatophores

A

class of pigment cells that reflect and/or absorb light, including iridophores

101
Q

iridophores

A

reflect light, cephalopods

102
Q

in addition to iridophores, cephalopods also possess

A

crystals • cytoplasmic structure made of guanine at the surface of the skin that manipulate light

103
Q

sense polarized light using

A

2 polarizers: photoreceptors arranged in specific way (orthogonally) at the intersection of the microvilli to remove stray light to increase contrast

104
Q

use polarized light

A

to see hard structure on soft-bodied organisms, increased contrast

105
Q

cephalopods use chromatophores to change colour

A

pigment granules in the pigment sac become more or less obvious based on muscle contraction and relaxation (50xSA), conscious coordination (active behaviour) to respond to environment, selection acts on behaviour because it is under neuronal control

106
Q

cephalopods use chromatophores of 3 colours

A

yellow/red/brown which is limiting, but iridophores (in front of chromatophores) are structurally associated to change hue of pigments sacs

107
Q

scallop eyes

A

mirror lenses, 2 sets of retina split different wavelengths of light into different parts of retina, does not focus light but interprets wavelengths of light

108
Q

cubozoan (box jelly) eyes

A

live in the open ocean but are sometimes washed into mangroves so needs to avoid damage and predation:
1 pair of camera eyes, open ocean, recognize farther objects
2 pairs of ocelli eyes, detect mangroves
serve as an alternative to chemosensation which would be rather useless in the open ocean

109
Q

chitin eyes

A

simply eyes with low resolution, detects light and dark, well protected individuals so just aware of diurnal cycles

110
Q

eyes from cambrian

A

500 mya, evidence of crustacean rigid eye structures: first recorded stalked eyes, evidence of complex eyes and rigid lenses, diversification of forma and function in Cambrian explosion, huge advantage with evolution of eyes as supported by broad range of eyes
Trilobites fossilized calcite lenses similar to today’s complex eyes but shade formation to distinguish diurnal cycle

111
Q

brittle star eyes

A

response to light is long known (change in colour), calcite lenses on dorsal surface, different form and function than cephalopods but similar results, response to light ≠ ability to distinguish

112
Q

integrating sensory input: photoreceptors and photoreceptors

A

compound eye and compound eye: flies create optical flow patterns, can decouple eye input by providing 2 separate images to study information integration, one 4-5 cells are responsible for sensory input integration

113
Q

integrating sensory input: chemoreceptor and chemoreceptor

A

smelling and tasting: small molecules that are diffuse in some medium are transported to the surface membrane
osphradium (olfactory, sea snails) potentially homologous to molluscs
nuchal organs (chemosensory), contained in ciliary pit , useful taxonomically, in first section of polychaetes, unknown mechanics

114
Q

integrating sensory input: chemoreceptor and photoreceptor

A

olfaction and vision: fruit fly on pedestal appears to have difficulty orienting itself towards food source when one sensory system (vision) is taken away

115
Q

integrating sensory input: mechanoreceptor and chemoreceptor

A

acoustic and tasting: spiny lobster antennae produce acoustics and are chemosensory

116
Q

rhopalia

A

multi-sensory organ in the mantle region: light sensing eyes and statocyst (visual and mechanical information)

117
Q

statocyst

A

contains the statolith (mineralized component) in bell region of scyphozoans and hydrozoans • planktonic adaptation to detect 3D environment

118
Q

ctenophore aboral organ

A

contains statocyst, statolith held up by bundles of cilia, ciliated cells connect to ctene rows for fine motor control, use of diffuse nerve net, no CNS

119
Q

assume ancestral structure of aboral organ in ctenophores

A

based on basal phylogenic position (very different from hydrozoans and scyphozoans) but perhaps this is a very specific adaptation to ctenophores? unknown

120
Q

decapod statocyst

A

at basal article of antennules, replaced at molts because associated with integument

121
Q

statocysts can be used to determine age in fishes and cubozoans

A

because of specific statolith growth rates

122
Q

larvacean melanin droplets

A

melanin in lipophilic matrix moves differentially to body fluid, linked to nervous system via sensory cells to orient individual in 3D space, urochordate adaptation to planktonic life

123
Q

2 special organs in spiders

A

trichobothria and lyriform organ (slit organ)

124
Q

trichobothria

A

elongated seta structure one of the most mechanosensitive structures in animal kingdom, elongate so small movements stimulate sensory cells which are further amplified by the membrane

125
Q

lyriform organ (slit organ)

A

detect endogenous strain (own movement) related to silk production (to assess torque and tension of silk) used in silk loading and web building/repair

126
Q

cricket tympanum

A

acoustic mechanosensory structure used in intraspecies communication – parasitoid flies deposit eggs on crickets that produce specific wavelengths to ensure host specificity

127
Q

halteres or antennae in moths

A

detect rotational forces in insect flight

128
Q

calliphora eyes

A

possess both complex eyes (image-forming) and ocelli (light detection)

129
Q

sensory integration calliphora

A

visual cues and mechanical cues integrated by the neck organ which stabilizes and directs the insect, 21 muscles connected to neck organ to coordinate head movement according to sensory input

130
Q

mosquitoes

A

abdominal stretch receptors detect how much blood has been ingested based on expansion of abdomen, when to stop drinking, regulates growth in metamorphosis

131
Q

only female mosquitoes feed

A

anterior to posterior cutting of nerves severs PNS to CNS connection leads to hyperphagia, longer feeding time, more eggs laid, the more anterior the cut – stretch receptors and less sensitive anteriorly because most abdominal expansion is observed in the posterior abdomen with feeding

132
Q

hyperphagia

A

increased blood volume in body than normal, the 2nd abdominal segment is the critical threshold for hyperphagia, leads to indefinite drinking, possible death

133
Q

survival is meaning less without _____, so

A

reproduction, so selection (and therefore fitness) is based on reproductive success

134
Q

trade-offs can be measured by

A

the fitness of the progeny

135
Q

the fitness of the progeny is directly linked to

A

female parent investment

136
Q

current reproductive effort relates to

A

future reproductive effort, however relationship is not linear because factors shape life history trade-off relationships

137
Q

expenditure per progeny relates to

A

fitness of individual progeny, however relationship is not linear because limits exits, high expenditure per progeny does not equate to more realized progeny fitness

138
Q

asexual reproduction

A

efficient (no partner) but clonal offspring has ‘no’ variation compared to sexual offspring

139
Q

sexual reproduction

A

less efficient (partner) and variation in offspring no always an advantage

140
Q

facultative asexual reproduction

A

Daphnia, reproductive behaviour consequence of environment

141
Q

obligate asexual reproduction

A

rotifers, reproductive behaviour consequence of environment

142
Q

germ line

A

unique to animals but particularly important in sexually reproducing animals, segregated early in development from the cells that specialize into various tissue (meaningless to next generation), only change in germ line are relevant, only selection on germ line (not somatic line)

143
Q

in asexual reproduction, there is selection on the ____ level

A

clonal level in the form of propagules, so the somatic cells are relevant to the next generation

144
Q

alternation between reproductive strategies is historically reserved for plants but animals can cycle between

A

phases (not between generations)

145
Q

obelia, medusa

A

obelia, asexual phase, bud from polyp

medusa, sexual phase, main dispersal stage

146
Q

asexual fission

A

never described in molluscs or arthropods, but is described in echinoderms, annelids, sponges, nemerteans, hydra, polychaetes

147
Q

animals that demonstrate asexual fission have

A

much greater regenerative capacities because it is a natural part of reproduction

148
Q

physalia, both reproductive phases

A

exist within the same organism

149
Q

hermaphroditic sexual reproduction is

A

separated temporally: sequentially, simultaneously

150
Q

in the absence of a mate, mate with yourself

A

inbreeding, reduces genetic variation

151
Q

crepidula are sequential hermaphrodites

A

males settle on females to ensure very direct fertilization, if female dies (large, more egg production) the largest male assumes female sex

152
Q

displays or fourtship

A

dangerous but effective

153
Q

loligo

A

only 1 reproductive event but massive amount of eggs

154
Q

if you are not hermaphroditic, but are sessile

A

must time/settle near opposite sex so gametes have a bette chance to meet

155
Q

corals are an extreme case of free spawners

A

reproduce once per year, very controlled (timed) event linked to lunar cycles etc, larvae are short-lived and settle

156
Q

small mountains act like high elevation sites

A

because they are relatively high

157
Q

mountains exhibit large climatic gradients over

A

short elevations

158
Q

ant abundance and diversity greatest at

A

mid-elevation (tropical rain forest)

159
Q

rove beetles abundance and diversity greatest at

A

high-elevation (tropical cloud forest)

160
Q

temperature-stable environments, species are historicall

A

successful, but will suffer in the face of climate change because adapted to having no need to disperse (sedentary) / deal with climatic variability, and locked into tight elevation plans

161
Q

Why have sexual reproduction?

A

environment instability, saturation, red queen hypothesis

162
Q

environment instability

A

in rapidly changing environments, adaptation is faster with asexual reproduction but relatively un-flexible but bet hedging in sexual reproduction

163
Q

bet hedging

A

organisms suffer decreased fitness in their typical conditions in exchange for increased fitness in stressful conditions

164
Q

saturation

A

capacity of environment, competition, diversification through sexual reproduction (resource partitioning) compared to decreased likelihood to explore other niches with clonal reproduction, more room in environment is associated with asexual reproduction

165
Q

red queen hypothesis

A

selection leads to changes in organisms to ‘stay where they are’ so co-evolution system (arms race) with close association between 2+ components, need sexual reproduction for flexibility because asexual reproduction is too slow in evolutionary change

166
Q

Mutation Purging Hypothesis

A

polyandrous system • more male, more genetic exchange, mutation purging, protection from inbreeding
monogamous system • equal parts sexes, reduction in survival with inbreeding

167
Q

process of settlement of marine invertebrate larvae involves multiple factors

A

recruitment, metamorphosis, change in life style

168
Q

recuitment

A

addition of new individuals to a population (count juveniles in benthic habitat), migration is not true in the context of planktonic to benthic life phases – only through reproduction

169
Q

causes for variation in recruitment

A

production (linked to survival of larvae), larval settlement, growth and variation of settled individuals

170
Q

metamorphosis

A

transition between planktonic and benthic, links 2 life phases, primarily from sexual reproduction, exhibits huge divergence between 2 life forms

171
Q

dispersal of larve

A

larvae = passive particles, but there is actually less dispersal in larvae than passive particles because of habitat selection

172
Q

teleplanic larvae

A

delay settlement process and thus recruitment and can cross huge ranges (huge amount of time in plankton), response to cues

173
Q

larval behaviour can allow for retention

A

low dispersal (known habitat), tides regulate migration (associated with settlement success)

174
Q

Pokey is a transposable element that inserts itself into

A

Daphnia 28S rRNA genes

175
Q

Pokey render the 28S RNA dysfunctional, but persist in populations because

A

its is extremely rare

176
Q

semelparity

A

massive reproductive event followed by death

177
Q

iteroparity

A

fewer young per reproductive event but many reproductive events

178
Q

invertebrate trade-offs are very different from vertebrate trade-offs based on

A

the environment

179
Q

more then 500 combination of life history strategies with huge diversification in relatively constrained lineages, bt

A

some strategies are more correlated than others because size determines possible fraction of the total adult body size dedicated to gametes

180
Q

larger invertebrate marine forms

A

many/low quality • snails, brittle stars, urchins, cnidaria • broadcast spawners, external fertilization, planktotrophy, multiple reproductive events, gametes used for storage (easily shift between nutritional and reproductive investment)

181
Q

smaller invertebrate marine forms

A

few/high quality • often live in interstitial environments • barnacles, krill, copepods • small or no body cavity, eggs not discharged, brooding, lecithotrophy, frequent reproduction (less seasonality, not as dependent on environment for nutritional support)

182
Q

freshwater and terrestrial invertebrate forms

A

nematodes, insects, copepods, size and habitat • viviparity/cocoons/impermeable eggs, structurally complex gamete morphology, internal fertilization, low fecundity, yolky eggs, brooding, long term storage of donor sperm, hermaphroditism, diapause

183
Q

diapause

A

form of suspended animation during development where growth and development essentially stop, for a somewhat unpredictable environment, stress response (but larval cloning is also a stress response), rare in marine benthic

184
Q

freshwater and terrestrial life history traits are similarly tough

A

osmotic challenges from the environment: air desiccates, freshwater swells

185
Q

maternal investment

A

planktotrophy • feeding structures, low maternal investment, long dispersal, high mortality
lecithotrophy • no feeding structures, high maternal investment, short dispersal, low mortality

186
Q

sea star adults are indistinguishable

A

yet one is planktotrophic, one of lecithotrophic

187
Q

Heliocidaris genus of echinoderms, sea urchin

A

tuberculata and erythrogramma

188
Q

tuberculata

A

tiny egg, long-lived larvae, proteins in egg, feeding

189
Q

erythrogramma

A

huge egg, short-lived larvae, lipids, non-feeding

190
Q

evolution of alternative life histories over small divergent time frame

A

increase in egg size, loss of feeding, acceleration of development, loss of structures

191
Q

hybrids

A

viable hybrids prove the evolution of alternative life history strategy evolution?
tuberculata sperm, erythrogramma egg, no in natural environment

ZOO 3700 (2 decks)

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