final

Question 1

behaviorism

Answer 1

an american approach to learning - psychology should restrict itself to the study of observable behavior - and avoid references to unobservable internal mental events –> focus heavily on learning

Question 2

Gastalt psychology

Answer 2

humans have basic tendencies to actively organize what we see, without any effort – we see patterns rather than random arrangements – ex. Is it a vase or 2 heads?
–> insight is important in problem solving

Question 3

bottom up processing

Answer 3

relies more on sensory processing (data driven)

Question 4

top down processing

Answer 4

relies more on perception (conceptually driven)

Question 5

Noam Chomsky

Answer 5

argued that the knowledge of grammar can exist independently of semantic knowledge, – it is something people are born with.

Question 6

John Watson

Answer 6

considered founder of behaviorism – research was concentrated on how rats learn

Question 7

Wilhelm Wundt

Answer 7

considered the founder of experimental psychology – proposed that psychology should study mental processes
– advocated the use of introspection

Question 8

Skinner

Answer 8

believed that psychology should study observable behaviors – Skinner box studied responses and consequences – refined Throndike’s law of effect

Question 9

classical conditioning

Answer 9

Pavlov – conditioned response to a stimulus that previously didn’t exist –> one stimulus (unconditioned stimulus) US (kicking a horse) predicts an upcoming important event (unconditioned response) UR (bucks to kick) –> one stimulus (conditioned stimulus) CS (say buck) predicts (conditioned response) CR (bucks when hears the word buck)

Question 10

Herman Ebbinghaus

Answer 10

established the basic methodology for human memory experiments –> learning, delay, test, relearning – used nonsense 3 letter words for memory test – often considered father of modern memory research

Question 11

Edward Thorndike

-law of effects-

Answer 11

observed that the probability of a particular behavioral response increased or decreased depending on the consequences that follows –> puzzle boxes studied how cats escape – satisfaction leads to repetition of behavior

Question 12

operant conditioning (instrumental conditioning)

Answer 12

learn to make response in order to obtain or avoid important consequences –> behavior is instrumental in determining weather the consequences occur

Question 13

Mary Calkins

Answer 13

studied recency effect –> observation that our recall is most accurate for the final items in a recall test

Question 14

William James

Answer 14

wrote textbook Principals of psychology –> preferred to theorize about our everyday experiences

Question 15

cognition

Answer 15

refers to the acquisition, storage, transformation and use of knowledge

Question 16

fundamental learning experiment

Answer 16

To conclude that a behavior change is a result of learning – we must compare the behavior under 2 conditions –> with and without experience to learning

Question 17

latent learning

Answer 17

natural part of everyday life –> learning that takes place even with no training

Question 18

sensory memory (iconic memory)

Answer 18

large capacity storage system –> records info. from all the senses with reasonable accuracy

Question 19

testing effect

Answer 19

being tested on material also increases memory for material

Question 20

McGurt effect

Answer 20

refers to the influence of visual info. on speech perception – when we integrate both visual and auditory info.

Question 21

Stroop effect

Answer 21

people take longer to name a color when it is written in a different color

Question 22

change blindless

Answer 22

we fail to detect a change in an object or scene

–> door experiment

Question 23

inattentional blindness

Answer 23

we focus on one thing miss other important changes

–> gorilla experiment

Question 24

short term memory

Answer 24

responsible for holding onto a small amount of info. that has been recently learned –> capacity is limited

Question 25

long term memory

Answer 25

large capacity – contains the memories for experiences and info. through out your life –> can last a few minutes to many decades

Question 26

Brown Peterson and Peterson

Answer 26

given items to remember – distraction task – recall

Question 27

Treisman

feature integration theory

Answer 27

we look at a scene using distributed attention and process it all at the same time – the gist of it

Question 28

working memory

Answer 28

a brief immediate memory for a limited amount of materials that you are currently processing –> fragile

Question 29

episodic memory

Answer 29

memories of your life – 10 yrs. to 10 min. autobiographical –>l life story

Question 30

semantic memory

Answer 30

knowledge about the world and including knowledge for words and other factual info.

Question 31

explicit memory

Answer 31

know your using memory –> aware of using memory

Question 32

implicit memory

Answer 32

memory without awareness

Question 33

explicit memory tasks

Answer 33

episodic and semantic memory –> listing as many words in a category as you can like presidents, or capitals

Question 34

implicit memory task

Answer 34

word stem tasks – word fragment tasks – repetition priming – procedural memory