final Flashcards
behaviorism
an american approach to learning - psychology should restrict itself to the study of observable behavior - and avoid references to unobservable internal mental events –> focus heavily on learning
Gastalt psychology
humans have basic tendencies to actively organize what we see, without any effort – we see patterns rather than random arrangements – ex. Is it a vase or 2 heads?
–> insight is important in problem solving
bottom up processing
relies more on sensory processing (data driven)
top down processing
relies more on perception (conceptually driven)
Noam Chomsky
argued that the knowledge of grammar can exist independently of semantic knowledge, – it is something people are born with.
John Watson
considered founder of behaviorism – research was concentrated on how rats learn
Wilhelm Wundt
considered the founder of experimental psychology – proposed that psychology should study mental processes
– advocated the use of introspection
Skinner
believed that psychology should study observable behaviors – Skinner box studied responses and consequences – refined Throndike’s law of effect
classical conditioning
Pavlov – conditioned response to a stimulus that previously didn’t exist –> one stimulus (unconditioned stimulus) US (kicking a horse) predicts an upcoming important event (unconditioned response) UR (bucks to kick) –> one stimulus (conditioned stimulus) CS (say buck) predicts (conditioned response) CR (bucks when hears the word buck)
Herman Ebbinghaus
established the basic methodology for human memory experiments –> learning, delay, test, relearning – used nonsense 3 letter words for memory test – often considered father of modern memory research
Edward Thorndike
-law of effects-
observed that the probability of a particular behavioral response increased or decreased depending on the consequences that follows –> puzzle boxes studied how cats escape – satisfaction leads to repetition of behavior
operant conditioning (instrumental conditioning)
learn to make response in order to obtain or avoid important consequences –> behavior is instrumental in determining weather the consequences occur
Mary Calkins
studied recency effect –> observation that our recall is most accurate for the final items in a recall test
William James
wrote textbook Principals of psychology –> preferred to theorize about our everyday experiences
cognition
refers to the acquisition, storage, transformation and use of knowledge
fundamental learning experiment
To conclude that a behavior change is a result of learning – we must compare the behavior under 2 conditions –> with and without experience to learning
latent learning
natural part of everyday life –> learning that takes place even with no training
sensory memory (iconic memory)
large capacity storage system –> records info. from all the senses with reasonable accuracy
testing effect
being tested on material also increases memory for material
McGurt effect
refers to the influence of visual info. on speech perception – when we integrate both visual and auditory info.
Stroop effect
people take longer to name a color when it is written in a different color
change blindless
we fail to detect a change in an object or scene
–> door experiment
inattentional blindness
we focus on one thing miss other important changes
–> gorilla experiment
short term memory
responsible for holding onto a small amount of info. that has been recently learned –> capacity is limited
