final Flashcards
About ____ percent of Americans drink
71
Low risk drinking
14 drinks a week for men and no more than 4 in one day
7 drinks a week for women and no more than 3 in one day
“one drink” defined by NIAAA
.5 ounces (15 grams)
aka…
12 oz. of beer, 5 oz. of wine, 1.5 oz. shot of 80 proof distilled liquor, or 1.5 oz of liquor in a mixed drink
what is “proof” of alc
the alc content of hard liquor, defined as twice the actual percentage of alc in the beverage
ex. 80-proof liquor is 40% alc by volume
Who drinks?
in general, people are more likely to drink at certain stages in lifespan, such as adolescence and early adulthood, threshold of middle age, and following retirement
Alcohol consumption is lowest in what ethnic group? and highest in?
African americans; native americans
FLushing effect
the reaction that Asian get to alcohol
flushed face, nausea, sweating
about ___ percent of high school students are binge drinkers
24
About ___ percent of college students who did not drink heavily in high school do so when in entering college
20
___ percent of drinking episodes involve adults age ___ years or older
70; 26
what is considered binge drinking?
5+ drinks within 2 hours for men
4+ drinks within 2 hours for women
at least once in the last 2 weeks
When people binge drink, their blood alcohol content rises to what percent?
.08 percent or more
Extreme drinking
drinking that goes well beyond binge drinking;
10-15 drinks a day for men and 8-12 drinks a day for women
powdered alcohol
one pouch mixed with with 6 oz oz liquid creates an alcoholic beverage
Flavored alc
these brands come in 3 categories:
- malt based
- ready to drink cocktails
- alcopops
Alc content volumes for malt beverages, ready to drink beverages, and alcopops
malt beverages: 7.8%
ready to drink: 14.2%
alcopops: 10.8%
alcohol particularly affects the cerebellum - which is what?
center for balance and motor functions
alcohol particularly affects the prefrontal cortex - which is what?
the center for executive functions
- rational thinking
- problem solving
What factors affect the rate of alc absorption?
- food in stomach
- gender (girls faster)
- age (older adults do not tolerate alc as well as young)
- body fat (more fat = faster intoxication)
- drug interaction
- cigarette smoke (smoking slows the increase in blood alc concentration)
- mood and physical condition
- alc concentration (more concentration = fast absorption)
- Carbonation (faster absorbation)
- diet soda (speed up absorption)
- tolerance
Where is alc metabolized?
little bit in stomach, 90% in liver, 2-10% not metabolized at all
how is alc metabolized in liver?
alc is converted to acetaldehyde by ADH
Blood Alc concentration
the amount of alc in grams in 100 milliliters of blood, expressed as percentage
ex. for 100 mg of alc in 100 mL of blood the BAC is .10
A person with high body fat will have a _____ BAC than a person with the same weight but more lean body tissue who drinks the same amount
higher
do women or men have more ADH? (the enzyme that breaks down alc in the liver)
men
what BAC is considered drunk in all states
.08%
people who have normal liver function metabolize how much alc per hour?
.5 oz (one drink)
driving functions can be impair by what BAC?
.02-.04%
visible effects of regular heavy drinking
deeper wrinkles, red cheeks, weight gain
how many calories does beer, wine, and a shot have?
beer: 144
wine: 100-105
shot: 96
acute alc intoxication
a life threatening BAC of .35 or higher
The 2 indicators of physiological dependence are the development of
tolerance and withdrawl
Ways to administer drugs
- orally
- inject
- inhale
- application to mucus membranes (snort)
factors influencing the affects of drugs
- characteristics of the drug, person and situation
drugs of abuse are usually classified as
stimulants depressants opioids hallucinogens inhalants cannabinoids
Stimulant
a drug that speeds of functioning of brain and sympathetic NS
What are CNS stimulants?
cocain
amphetamines
MDMA
bath salts
depressants
drugs that slow down the function in the brain and sympathetic NS
CNS depressants
barbiturates and hypnotics
anti-anxiety drugs
rohypnol
ghb
opiod examples
morphine
heroin
codeine
oxycodone
aka narcotics
hallucinogen and dissociative drug ex
LSD
PCP
ketamine
external sex organs of female
vulva and include the mons pubis, labia majora and labia minora, the clitoris, and the vaginal and urethral openings
internal sex organs of female
vagina, cervix, uterus, fallopian tubes, ovaries
external male genetalia
penis and scrotum - which contain testes
male internal sex organs
testes, glands that secrete semen
hormone for sexual drive or libido
testosterone
testosterone stimulates the release of what neurotransmitters
dopemine and deratonin
human sexual response model stages
excitement, plateau, orgasm, resolution
male sex hormones
female sex hormones
androgens
estrogens and progestins
forms of sexual expression
- celibacy
- erotic touch
- kissing
- self stimulation
- oral genital stimulation (cunnilingus/fellatio)
- anal
- sex
female sexual dysfunctions
- pain during intercourse
- Sexual desire disorder
- female sexual arousal disorder (cant get or stay wet)
- orgasmic dysfunction (
treatment for female sexual dysfunction
testosterone replacement therapy
male sexual dysfunctions
- pain during intercourse
- sexual desire disorder
- ED
- ejaculation dysfunction (premature ejaculation)
treatment for male sexual dysfunctions
relies on levels of testosterone
low levels - testosterone replacement therapy
viagra
what % of college students engage in sexting?
80
about ___% of unplanned pregnancies end in abortion
40
what is considered low birth rate?
less than 5.5 pounds
hormonal contraceptives
pills injections patches vaginal rings implants
barrier methods
physically separate the sperm from the female reproductive tract
ex. female/male condom, diaphragm, cervical cap, contraceptive sponge
how long can sperm live in female?
6 days
where do pathogens live?
reservoirs - in soil or water within organisms
how can a pathogen enter/exit a host?
breathing, feces, genital secretion, blood, open sores, nasal/eye discharge, or insect/animal bite
vector
animal or insect that transmits a pathogen from a reservoir or an infected host to a new host
categories of pathogens
viruses (smallest/numerous pathogens) bacteria (single celled) prion (made of protein) fungi (single/multi cell) helminths (parasitic worms) protozoa ectoparasites
viruses consist of what
genome, capsid (protein coat), or outer covering/envelope
can viruses reproduce on their own
no
prions are known to be responsible for
mad cow disease
Where are prions found?
brain tissue
External barriers to pathogens
physical and chemical
immunization is based on what principle
the immune system is exposed to enough of an infectious agent to trigger an immune response
What functions to vaccines serve
- protect person by stimulating immune response
2. protect society
What are the disruptions of immunity?
autoimmune diseased and allergies
more than ___ organisms are associated with food related illness
250
food related illnesses include what kind of pathogens
viruses, bacteria, prions, parasites
what factors account for bacterial resistance
- the frequency with which resistant genes arise naturally among bacteria through mutation
- overuse of antibiotics
4 leading causes of infectious disease mortality around the world
pneumonia, diarrhea, tuberculosis, malaria
whooping cough
infection of respiratory tract caused by the pertussis virus
4 most common cancers
breast lung prostate colon
initiating even of cancer
must be in a location in the cells DNA that alters the functioning of a growth-controlling safety mechanism and allows a cell to evade one of the restraints placed upon health cells
oncogene
gene that drives cell growth regardless of signals from surrounding cells
hyperplasia
condition of cell overgrowth
dysplasia
when cells become abnormal
when cancer spreads from one part of the body to another
metastasized
common sites of metastases
brain , liver, bone marrow
stage 0 cancer
aka in situ
and early cancer that is present only in the layer of cells where it began
stage 1 cancers
generally small and localizedq
stages 2 and 3 cancers
locally advanced and may or may not involve local lymph nodes
stage 4 cancer
have metastasized to distant cites
carcinomas
arise from epithelial tissues
sarcomas
originate in CT
leukemias
cancers of blood, originate in bone marrow or lymphatic system
lymphomas
originate in lymphnodes or glands
UVB rays
more likely to cause sunburns and associated with skin cancers
UVA rays
tend to pass deeper into skin
now believed to to cause skin cancer and premature aging of skin
the only bacterium definately linked to cancer
heliocobacterium pylori
cancer treatments
surgery chemo radiation biological therapies bone marrow transplant gene therapy
leading cause of unintentional injury death in american
motor vehicle crashes, poisoning, falls, choking, and then drowning
3 main types of distractions while driving
visual
manual
cognitive
primary laws regarding motor vehicle safety
allow law enforcement officers to pull vehicles over and issue tickets solely because drivers/passengers are not wearing seat belts
secondary laws regarding motor vehicle safety
allow tickets to be issued only if the vehicle operator has been pulled over for violating another law
